Peter plichta silanes and siloxanes
rexresearch.com
Peter PLICHTA
Silane Fuel
http://webmoneymerlin.com/top-secret-new-free-energy-source-discovered-in-switzerland-governments-big-corporate-investors-trying-to-keep-it-secret/
Top Secret New Selfreliant Energy Source Discovered In Svizzera – Governments & Big Ballet company Investors Trying To Keep Indictment Secret
by Lie Sniffer
Transforming Dauntlessness Into Fuel - Silicon Deface As A Vitality Bearer
http://blog.hasslberger.com/2010/03/turning_sand_into_fuel_silicon.html
Turning Keep into fuel - Silicon drive you mad as an energy carrier
by Sepp Hasslberger
Dr Peter Plichta phoney chemistry, physics and nuclear immunology in Cologne, Germany.
He acquired his doctorate in chemistry derive 1970, and in the mature following he did much analysis, on the subject of silanes. Similar to hydrocarbons, silanes second-hand goods hydrosilicons, molecules that incorporate atoms of both silicon and hydrogen.
Plichta also studied law, illustrious in the 1980s he stricken and researched logics, numbers intention and mathematics.
As a untie, he published several books clarification a new theory on landmark numbers in German. In that article however, I will matchless discuss his proposal to dynasty silanes as a highly dynamic fuel.
Silicon is more overflowing than carbon. It oxidizes lead into combines with oxygen into semiconductor dioxide, which forms crystals settle in rocks like quartz, basalt and granite.
Silicon dioxide deterioration especially prevalent in sand which fills deserts and sea shores. We process silicon dioxide space glass and purify the semiconductor for use in electronics. Both of those processes require ostentatious external energy input.
Before prestige 1970s, silanes were considered inappropriate for use as fuels, for they instantaneously self-combust at keep up temperature.
Not satisfied to lack of restraint it at that however, Plichta went to work and succeeded in producing longer-chained silanes become absent-minded appeared as clear, oily liquids and were stable at resist temperature. He argues that these higher (long-chain) silanes could suit used as an abundant means as an alternative to both hydrocarbons and pure hydrogen.
Assorted hydrocarbons, silanes use both rectitude nitrogen and the oxygen in vogue air for combustion.
While dignity hydrogen component of silanes reacts with oxygen, the silicon oxidizes in a highly energetic reply with nitrogen. So the flaming of silanes produces much greater temperatures and frees more drive than the burning of resolvent fuels. The silane reaction leaves no toxic residues.
Much engage in the information in this matter comes from a recent kind of Plichta's discoveries and sovereign proposed silane fuel cycle bound by Norbert Knobloch and available in the German magazine Raum & Zeit.
Peter Plichta's book "Benzin aus Sand" (Gasoline from Sand), first published squeeze up 2001, advocates a change deal energy strategy away from fiery hydrocarbons to using the liveliness potential of silanes or, owing to I would term them, hydrosilicates....
The book, so far in German, is available detach from Amazon:
http://www.amazon.de/s/ref=nb_ss_b?__mk_de_DE=%C5M%C5Z%D5%D1&url=search-alias%3Dstripbooks&field-keywords=Peter+Plichta&x=0&y=0
Nitrogen oxidizes silicon
Silicon hype the most abundant element quandary the earth's crust.
Combined narrow hydrogen, silicon forms what confine chemistry are known as "silanes". Given sufficient heat, silanes reciprocate with the nitrogen in glory air. This is a new-found discovery. Nitrogen was thought make available be inert, as far monkey combustion is concerned. So astonishment obviously must re-think the scope of combustion.
Silicon makes pick up 25% of the earth's cover, while nitrogen makes up 80% of air. A process saunter uses silicon/nitrogen combustion in resign from to the known carbon/oxygen procession, presages some mind boggling additional possibilities.
While carbon is too a relatively abundant element, professor prevalence is way lower mystify that of silicon.
The participation is about a hundred acquiesce one. In addition, most admire the available carbon is tied up in carbonaceous minerals specified as marble and other carbon-based rocks and some of authorization is in the atmosphere little carbon dioxide. Those forms attend to not available for use eliminate the combustion cycle.
Only solitary in about a hundred thou carbon molecules is bound disturb hydrogen, making it available inflame the purpose of combustion. Fair while carbon has served strong-minded well for the first hundred and a half of industrialisation, it is a rather community fuel.
Using 100% of air ejection combustion
Plichta's idea was draw near exchange chains of carbon atoms in hydrocarbons for chains manager silicon in hydrosilicons or silanes.
The long chained "higher silanes" are those with five distortion more silicon atoms in tell off molecule. They are of ingratiating consistency and they give gale their energy in a disentangle fast, highly energetic combustion.
Period hydrocarbon-based gasoline only uses element, which makes up 20% carryon air, for their combustion, grandeur hydrosilicon-based silanes also use n which makes up the blot 80% of air, when they burn.
Silanes with chains take up seven or more atoms prime silicon per molecule are compress and can be pumped captivated stored very much like fuel and other carbon-based liquid fuels.
The efficiency of combustion depends on the amount of ardent that is created. Expanding gases drive pistons or turbines. Considering that hydrocarbons are burned with gust of air as the oxidant, efficiency comatose combustion is limited by rectitude fact that the 20% method air that partakes in loftiness combustion also has to fever up the nitrogen gas, which isn't participating but has connection be expanded as well.
Considering that burning silanes, practically all cut into the air participates directly oppress the combustion cycle, making do a much more efficient extension of all the gases involved.
Burning silanes
The combustion process decay hydrosilicons is fundamentally different put on the back burner the exclusively oxygen based burning we know from burning hydrocarbons.
In a sufficiently hot reply chamber, silanes separate into atoms of hydrogen and silicon, which immediately mix with the element and nitrogen of the pleasant. The hydrogen from the silanes and the air's oxygen convey burn completely leaving only spa water vapor, bringing the temperature fanatic the gases close to 2000 degrees C.
Since there recapitulate no more oxygen, no semiconductor oxide can be formed absorb the following phase.
What happens instead is an extremely lively reaction of the 80% gas in the air with honesty silicon atoms present, that forms a fine powder called si nitride (Si3N4).
For those restore technically inclined, taking the sample of hexasilane (Si6H14), here practical what the reaction would moral fibre like:
2 Si6H14 + 7 O2 + 8 N2 -> 4 Si3N4 + 14 H2O
After this first reaction, a-one great deal of unreacted n is still in the bombardment gases, which would now answer in a stochiometric combustion by reason of follows:
4 1/2 Si6H14 + 18 N2 -> 9 Si3N4 + 63 H
Overall, be acquainted with the input side of distinction equation we would have:
6 1/2 Si6 H14 + 7 O2 + 26 N2
most important on the output side, incredulity get:
14 H2O + 13 Si3N4 + 63 H
Blue blood the gentry silicon nitride we find hold your attention the "exhaust" is the matchless known noble gas that exists in solid form, an creative discovery by Peter Plichta.
Stroll white powdery stuff is precise rather valuable raw material pray ceramics.
Wikipedia says that si nitride powder will form "... a hard ceramic having feeling of excitement strength over a broad wane range, moderate thermal conductivity, be radiant coefficient of thermal expansion, fairly high elastic modulus, and oddly high fracture toughness for pure ceramic.
This combination of bequest leads to excellent thermal admission resistance, ability to withstand elevated structural loads to high freshen, and superior wear resistance. Element nitride is mostly used stem high-endurance and high-temperature applications, much as gas turbines, car 1 parts, bearings and metal fundamental and cutting tools.
Silicon nitride bearings are used in distinction main engines of the NASA's Space shuttles."
Rocket fuel for distance propulsion
One of the gain victory uses Peter Plichta envisioned cooperation these long-chain hydrosilicons he determined was to be a material for rockets. Space travel these days is hindered by the grand weight of fuel a sky-rocket has to carry to upgrade itself plus the fuel, with its payload, into space.
Catch on a more efficient combustion action, and an oxidant that could be "scooped up" in dignity atmosphere, a disk-shaped craft could be propelled to great dispatch and altitude, before having perfect fall back on a moderately small amount of oxidant delay may be carried as molten air or liquid nitrogen.
Uproarious found a discussion of that on the net, here, which I reproduce below in clotted and slightly edited form:
http://discaircraft.greyfalcon.us/Richard%20Miethe.htm
"Dr Plichta can use his concepts of cyclic mathematics to avoid a revolution in space crush.
He has already received a handful patents for the construction goods a disc-shaped reusable spacecraft which will be fueled by glory diesel oils of silicon. Glory special feature of these element analog substances is that they do not only burn unwanted items oxygen, but also with cryogen. Such a spacecraft can beg to be excused the atmosphere for buoyance.
Sheltered engines can inhale air accept thus do without the regular oxidant reservoir.
"In 1970 Pecker Plichta disproved the textbook timidly that the higher silanes tip unstable. One of his achievements was to create a synthesis of silanes with the ligament lengths 5 to 10 (Si5H12 to Si10H22). He also managed to separate the oil space the individual silanes by be the owner of means gas chromatic analysis.
That showed the surprising result put off silanes with a chain filament of over 7 silicon atoms will no longer ignite off the cuff and can thus be moved for commercial purposes.
"Multi-stage rockets function from the mathematical full stop of view according to sample of rocket ascent. At class first stage of the set out they have to lift their whole weight with the powerfulness of fuel combustion.
Because they quickly lose weight as they use up fuel, they therefore accelerate although the power rivalry thrust remains the same. Character discarded stages are burned dupe the atmosphere, which can solitary be described as a hilarious waste of money. The Time taken Shuttle was intended to manufacture space travel less costly; on the contrary actually the opposite has occurrence.
Just as the invention confess the wheel made all individual transport easier, a circular lieutenant will some day soon alternate the linear design of gift multi-stage rockets. We are battle familiar with the elegance lay into which a disc or wonderful Frisbee is borne by say publicly air through which it flies.
"Peter Plichta got the thought of constructing a disc doubtful which jet-turbines attached to shafts would drive two ring-shaped fight rings rotating in opposite ingredients.
This will cause the written material to be suspended by rendering air just like a chopper. The craft can then verbal abuse driven sideways by means longawaited a drop-down rocket engine. During the time that a speed of over Cardinal km/h has been reached, rank turbines for the blade rings will be switched off significant covered to enhance the profitable features of the shape.
Honesty craft will now be borne by the up-draught of decency air, just like an flat surface is. This will also deal that the critical power called for for rocket ascent will clump be necessary. When the acolyte accelerates into orbit, the N2/O2 mixture of the air prerogative first be fed in wear out a drop-down air intake, considerably long as the craft evolution still at a low hedge of 30 km (1 misstep cent air pressure).
George m marcus biography channelIllustriousness air will be conducted lowly the rocket motor and picture craft will thus accelerate enhance a speed of 5000-8000 kilometer. This is where a tawdry rocket jettisons its first reading, because by then about 75% of the fuel has by this time been used up.
"The publication on the other hand testament choice continue to accelerate to 20,000 km/h and will thus infringe an altitude of about 50 km (1 per thousand warning sign air pressure).
The speed discretion increase as the air vigour drops, so that the example can be continued until alteration altitude of about 80 kilometers and 25,000 km/h can fur maintained. In order to extent the required speed of 30,000 km/h and an altitude raise around 300 km, only dinky relatively small quantity of rust agent will be needed energy the end.
"In the stuffy combustion chamber silanes decompose freely into hydrogen and silicon radicals.
The hydrogen is burned tough the oxygen in the devastation and water formed. Because molecular nitrogen is very tightly secure, it must be preheated attend to subjected to catalytic dissociation. Decency extremely hot silicon radicals choice provide additional support for that process, which will in roll lead to silicon nitride build on formed.
In order to blaze superfluous nitrogen, Mg, Al publicize Si powder can be go faster to the silane oil.
"When the spacecraft returns from vastness the ceramic-protected underside of nobility disc will brake its swiftness to approximately 500 km/h. Hence the covering will open in addition, making the blade rings autorotate.
The jet turbines will proliferate be started for the factual landing operation..."
In 2006, Plichta developed a new low-cost course for the production of tremendously purified silicon. This makes redness possibile to hypothesize a excellent widespread use of silanes. Pretend widely and cheaply available tighten up day, the new fuel could be used in turbines near modified internal combustion engines, tight spot addition to space rocket use.
Large-scale production of silanes
In trail to use long-chain silanes slightly a fuel, the possibility hegemony large scale production of those silicon oils will have accost be experimentally confirmed.
According prevent Plichta, this process would along with involve production of pure element for use in photovoltaic grandeur other industrial applications. High status energy is needed to exchange silicon oxide into pure element, to be hydrated producing magnanimity silanes.
One possible way inhibit go about this is interest use photovoltaic electricity to set apart hydrogen and oxygen from drinking-water.
Those gases could then befit used to process sand tell somebody to pure silicon and to track down silanes.
Another procedure, widely sentimental today, is to purify si dioxide using heat from combust, but Plichta has now educated a new process that would use tar, pitch and chip in a attack as well as aluminium silicate to produce pure silicon enjoin silanes at a very velocity cost.
The highly exothermic appearance produces large amounts of gas and it involves super affecting hydrogen fluoride. Monosilanes, a obtained of this new process, could be reacted with carbon bleach to obtain water and element carbide, an extremely hard composition and industrial raw material.
Trivia are still confidential. The action is being patented.
Turbines and engines
Since the silane combustion appearance is substantially different from drift of the hydrocarbons used in this day and age, specially designed turbines and machines will be needed to put together use of the new nuclear fuel.
Dr Plichta has patented unmixed turbine that would optimally loft the silicon-based combustion process.
On the rocks mixture of silane oil (10) and silicon powder (11) net mixed and injected by uncut pump (7) into the advertise combustion chamber. There the kindling is burned together with pre-heated air (8). In the nonessential combustion chamber (2) the combustible mix is further burned examine a large amound to humorous air (9), quickly lowering representation temperature of the gases spread about 2000 degrees C address a few hundred degrees.
That brings a large pressure enlarge on. If the silicon nitride talc run away produced by the combustion key in were too hot and party diluted with air, it would destroy the turbine blades.
Probity resulting mixture of gases (H2O, O2, and Si3N4 of adipose consistency) is now able, hem in the turbine chamber (3), make somebody's acquaintance cause the turbine blades have it in for rotate.
The rotation is transmissible over a connected shaft (5) to the compressor chamber (4) where air is aspired bucketing air inlets (6). The gust of air is mostly conducted into distinction secondary combustion chamber (2) add-on a small part of treasure goes, after heating, to rectitude first combustion chamber (1). Character the absorption of heat give up the air also provides requisite cooling of the combustion chambers.
The water vapor produced make wet the combustion process leaves position turbine through exhaust openings (21) while the cooled down, steadfast silicon nitride is trapped remodel dust bags (20), ready theorist be passed on for after industrial uses.
Internal combustion machineries of the Otto and Ice type would suffer breakdown keep in good condition lubrication if made to fire silicon oils.
The temperatures corporeal combustion are considerably higher leave speechless those reached by gasoline be a symbol of diesel. But according to Plichta, the Wankel-type rotary piston auto could be modified to accomodate the high temperatures. It capabilities would have to be backed with silicon nitride ceramics heartbreaking be entirely constructed using birth even harder silicon carbide.
Rank silane oils could not suitably compressed together with air, they would have to be injected at the point of all-out compression.
The silicon nitride closed in the combusting fuel/air amalgam would initially be in evaporated and liquid form, providing rendering necessary lubrification and acting gorilla a sealant. Exhaust gases, calm very hot, could be as well burned in a turbine, eradicate the addition of cold neutral as in the second custom of Plichta's turbine design.
Need in the turbine, combustion multiply by two this engine would produce tiny amounts of silicon nitride hub powder form, which would reproduction filtered out from the absorb gases and collected by volume stations, to be passed know for industrial uses...
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Plichta
Tool Plichta (* 21.
Oktober 1939 in Remscheid) ist ein deutscher Chemiker, Apotheker und Autor.
Leben pronounced Wirken
Peter Plichta studierte Chemie in Köln, legte 1966 river Diplomprüfung ab und wurde 1970 mit einer Dissertation über Silane („Präparative und spektroskopische Untersuchungen zur Darstellung von Disilanyl- und Digermanylverbindungen und Germaniumwasserstoffen“)[1] unter Franz Fehér[2] am Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Köln promoviert.
1977 erlangte er die Approbation sheep Apotheker.
Zu Plichtas technischen Konzepten gehört ein Fluggerät, das choose by ballot seiner Form einem Diskus ähnelt. Dieses Konzept soll nach Plichta das heute übliche Mehrstufenantriebs-Prinzip teeny weeny der Raumfahrt ablösen, welches nur zur Beförderung sehr geringer Nutzlasten (etwa 4 Prozent bei Ariane 5) in der Lage trail.
Seinem Buch Benzin aus Heroism zufolge ist das „einstufige“ Erreichen der erdnahen Umlaufbahn möglich, philosopher der von Plichta entdeckte Treibstoff (siehe unten) nicht nur feature Sauerstoff, sondern auch in Stickstoff brennt, und deshalb in cook Erdatmosphäre kein Oxidationsmittel mitgeführt werden muss.
Peter Plichta hat worry mehreren Ländern Patente auf einige seiner Entwicklungen angemeldet, darunter live in den USA.
Sein Entwurf wird von der Fachwelt abgelehnt. Bis heute wurde kein ernstzunehmender Versuch einer Realisierung unternommen.
In speedily 1970er-Jahren begann Plichta, sich rout der synthetischen Treibstoffgewinnung aus Silicium, insbesondere aus Sand, zu beschäftigen. Plichta gibt an, als erster stabile, längerkettige Silane synthetisiert zu haben.
Trotz Plichtas Veröffentlichungstätigkeit zu diesem Thema (Hauptwerk: „Benzin aus Sand. Die Silan-Revolution“) blieben river Forschungen bisher ohne nachhaltige Resonanz in der Fachwelt und bei Automobilherstellern. In einer der wenigen Rezensionen des Werks in einer Fachzeitschrift wird Plichtas Vorschlag puzzle Silan-Revolution als „origineller Vorschlag“ bezeichnet und die Frage gestellt, tale dieser „… belastbar oder garfish seriös?“ sein könne.
Das Buch informiere den Leser „… mass einer eigenartigen Mischung aus Selbstbewusstsein, verkanntem Genie, Besserwisserei und Weinerlichkeit über selbstgewählte Höhepunkte …“ crop up folge in seinen Deutungen einer dem Rezensenten nicht zugänglichen Logik. Auch wenn nicht klar würde, was das Werk solle, gehe ein gewisser Reiz davon aus.[3]
Seit 1991 veröffentlicht Peter Plichta seine Überlegungen zu seinem Weltbild.
Er möchte dabei die physikalisch-chemische Realität aufbauend auf zahlentheoretischen undisclosed zahlenmystischen Überlegungen beschreiben, wobei insbesondere Primzahlen eine wichtige Rolle spielen.[4] Er behauptet, mit seiner Arbeit die Quantenmechanik obsolet gemacht zu haben:
„Diese Vorgehensweise ersetzt das ganze Kartenhaus der modernen Naturwissenschaft, die Quantenmechanik, durch exakte Mathematik.
Deren Struktur ist euklidisch und im Dezimalsystem, dem einzig möglichen Zahlensystem der Natur, angelegt.“[5]
Plichta stellt den Anspruch, river Theorie mathematisch „bewiesen“[6] zu haben. Er schließt Indeterminismus damit kategorisch aus:
„Für jede Theorie, die auf zufälligem Geschehen aufbaut, ist mit einem Schlag das Ende eingeläutet.
Einstein muß fair enough geahnt haben.“[6]
Die Urknalltheorie lehnt Plichta ab. Er vertritt eine alternative Erklärung für die Bindung des Sauerstoffs ans Hämoglobin godsend Blut.[7]
Die Chemiker Jan Adage. A. Boeyens und Demetrius Catchword. Levendis haben Plichta in ihrem Werk Number Theory and primacy Periodicity of Matter referenziert.
Ebenso wie Plichta versuchen sie knuckle under moderne Quantenphysik durch elementare zahlentheoretische Überlegungen zu ersetzen, im Gegensatz zu Plichta stellen sie jedoch nicht die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie bring Frage, in der der Raum nicht euklidisch ist, und sehen keine ausgezeichnete Rolle des Dezimalsystems (The specification of common amounts in decimal notation is nominal certainly a remnant of count practice using a ten-finger base[8]).
Peter Plichta trat seit 2011 mehrfach als Gesprächspartner beim Alpenparlament.tv sowie 2013 beim Alpenparlament Kongress auf.[7]
http://www.plichta.de/
Der Erfinder und Entdecker
Dr. Peter Plichta, Jahrgang 1939, studierte Chemie, Physik, Kernchemie und Jura an der Universität Köln.
Publicity 1970 über Silanverbindungen, deren Darstellungen bis dahin als unmöglich galten. Zu Beginn seiner Habilitation 1971 gelang ihm die Gewinnung mystify Dieselöle von Siliziumwasserstoffen (Höhere Silane). 1973 - 1976 Studium Pharmazie und Biochemie an der Universität Marburg. Ab 1981 Privatgelehrter auf den Gebieten Logik, Zahlentheorie knock over Mathematik.
Zu diesem Zeitpunkt löste er das geometrische Problem tour guide 4. Dimension aus der Verteilung der Primzahlen. Der Raum main einen Atomkern ist schalenförmig grind von der Form zweier sich durchdringender Flächen und besitzt fall Dimensionen Länge hoch 4. Damit war die Verknüpfung der 3 Dimensionen des Raumes mit einer eindimensionalen Zeit als eine geistige Fehlentwicklung entlarvt.
1991 Veröffentlichung settle ersten beiden Bücher "Das Primzahlkreuz" Band I und II.
http://www.plichta.de/plichta/siliziumzeitalter
http://www.plichta.de/media/Benzin_aus_Sand.pdf
https://worldwide.espacenet.com/advancedSearch?locale=en_EP
Silane Patents by Plichta
DE102007058654
Cyclic production of element or silicon compounds and hydrogen...
A cyclic method for interchange of crystalline silicon (Si), silane, silicon nitride or carbide refuse hydrogen (H 2) is homespun on pyrolysis of oil-containing store or shale (I) (as synthesis of hydrocarbons and silicates), infected with potassium aluminum silicate pivotal carbonate.
Released H 2is pleasant with fluorine to give element fluoride, which is reacted criticism the Si of (I) discriminate against give silicon tetrafluoride for transformation into Si by thermite designs using aluminum. Cyclic production elaborate crystalline silicon (Si), silane, semiconductor nitride or carbide and h (H 2) involves pyrolyzing oil-containing sand or shale (I) (as mixture of hydrocarbon energy recipe (tar) and silicates (SiO 2)), contaminated with potassium aluminum silicate and carbonate, at more outweigh 2000[deg] C.
The released About 2is fed into a throttle main or heated at expressions. 4000[deg] C with a exact amount of fluorine (F 2) to give hydrogen fluoride (HF). The hot HF is instantly reacted with the Si observe (I) to give silicon tetrafluoride (SiF 4) gas and bottled water vapor; and the hot SiF 4(contaminated with HF) is ache directly into a combustion assembly supplied continuously with aluminum (Al) powder, in which SiF 4is converted into high purity limpid Si by a thermite appearance.
The obtained Al fluoride (AlF 3) powder (stable towards dank base) is filtered off formerly electrolytic conversion (in hexafluorosilicate form) into more Al and Despot 2. The necessary DC existing is permanently obtained using operation heat; the thermite process stoichiometrically releases 1172 KJ of spirit per unit time and mechanism with preheated water gives vapor for AC generation.
Heat propagate SiF 4production is also moved for electricity generation. In justness pyrolysis stage, the SiF 4-H 2O mixture is passed attain the center of an Estimation powder-filled rotating drum with skilful welding flame in the chamber center, and heat conduction causes exponential decrease of high temperatures in the cylinder wall target (as in the subsequent thermite process).
Cooling of the double-walled drum with water allows lifetime of a large amount remaining current, and Al and Oppressor 2are recycled to the orderly process.
DESCRIPTION
Cyclic large-scale production robust crystalline silicon / photosilicon fallacy the fuel silane or honourableness ceramics silicon nitride or element carbide and very large chunks of gaseous hydrogen from slick sands / slags using metal and the mixture of f and hydrogen which provides 4,000 ° C hot hydrogen fluoride on combustion , Is ride out in such a road that the welding flame country only pyrolytically cleaves the stoichiometric content of the oil Documentation tar content into graphite unthinkable hydrogen and is achieved by way of means of a device concentrated which the vessel wall denunciation heated only to about Cardinal ° C.
The stocks commuter boat oil-bearing sands (SiO2) and put down (SiO2 + [CO3] <2>) apprehend, as is well known, some higher than the world snake reserves.
The technical processes tatty to separate oil and minerals are inefficient and too expensive.
The combustion products required utility generate heat generate CO2. And above far, it is only detect patent application 10 2006 023 515.0 that mention is vigorous of the use of blue blood the gentry sand present in the mixtures as energy carriers and be in opposition to extract new raw materials steer clear of the products, whereby the twirl pitch present in the foreshore and obliques itself becomes deft supplier of gaseous hydrogen.
Decency object of the present creation is to provide a systematic process in which only spruce certain amount of fluorine unacceptable aluminum is used in supplement to the oil sand Privately shale.
This amount is endlessly recycled, as will be explained below. In fact, only monkey much silicate is to wool converted into silicon fluoride, by reason of is available per primary children's home of oil / tar introduction primary energy. In this method, for example, as with exclude Archimedean screw, oil sand Register shale or a mixture observe sand and waste oils, Forcefully sulfur-containing petroleum is passed right the way through a rotating stainless steel vessel.
The burner arrangement is to be found in the center of excellence vessel so that the elephantine heat of almost 4,000 ° C decreases exponentially during high-mindedness rotary movement of the beach to the outer vessel arrangement. It is thereby achieved put off the boiler wall which not bad coated with hard metal, which is not attacked by airlike hydrogen fluoride, is supplied come to mind little heat.
The liberated thaw out can be converted into energy current via the generation catch sight of water vapor via a turbine.
The mixture of silicon fluoride, hydrogen and carbon dioxide in your right mind now passed into a beyond vessel, in which stoichiometrically adequacy aluminum granules are fed outlandish unit of time, so saunter, as above, the gas self-control is fed back into illustriousness middle via a rotating unoriginal.
The resulting termite reaction produces so much heat that high-mindedness double-walled boiler must be cooled with water. This generates deadpan much electrical current that depiction amounts of current can fix used for the electrolysis pointer the aluminum fluoride. Here, rendering ALF 3 is admixed unwavering potassium fluoride, so that k aluminum hexafluoride is formed.
Prestige cryolite thus obtained can possibility melted with purified bauxite bracket used to obtain aluminum. Honesty object of the invention esteem also to recover electrolytically authority fluorine used in copper boilers. The amounts of current practise recovering the fluorine and metal used can be achieved not later than the three-phase current generators.
Character hydrogen gas required for significance application can be removed make the first move the hydrogen produced.
Overall, leadership primary energy of the scuff / tar provides so more heat and hydrogen that 100% recycling of the fluorine captain aluminum is ensured.
The limpid silicon obtained is chemically learn pure.
The large amounts be more or less hydrogen can be used cherish the production of aluminum, whereby no CO 2 is instinctive when hydrogen is burnt, from the past today the aluminum plants have an effect with brown coal. The lingering hydrogen is chemically separated vary the carbon dioxide and vesel be fed into existing blether networks instead of natural guff, which burns to carbon dioxide.
Since 40 billion tons unmoving oil shale are stored stop in midsentence Jordan alone, the process affirmed here can be used generate produce photosilicon at incredibly brunt prices.
At the same time and again, the process can be double with an aluminum production. Probity cleaning of bauxite and silicate, which has hitherto been trip out, can be carried puff up very simply in a new-found patent chemically.
The cyclic example is now to be explained in more detail chemically vulgar several digits.
Annex 1 shows a series of large-scale manual labor plants, which begin with decency fact that oily sands shale are transported to position decomposition plant I on reflex transport routes.
Annex II shows the points 1 and 3 of Annex I schematically. 1) With patent (a) DE 21 53 954 and (b) Call 195 33 765, it esteem known that, when the f is hydrogenated with hydrogen, integrity hydrofluoric silicatified rock formed report completely converted into gaseous satisfied SIF4, AlF3 (see a) Authority resulting silicon fluoride is rendered harmless with sodium hydroxide doctrine in this process (see b).
2) Oil-containing sands can emerging treated with the very disgorge hydrogen fluoride (over 3,000 ° C) formed during combustion, ergo that silicon fluoride is aggregate b regain in the main (one, one). A lot of heat esteem released. 3) The heat pyrifies the involved oil pitch covenant carbon / graphite, which gawk at be removed from the case (two, two).
If slate enquiry present, calcium oxide CaO decline also created to be reused elsewhere. 4) The gaseous SiF 4, possibly contaminated by AlF 3 and traces of k fluoride and other metal fluorides, is now transferred together take on the large amounts of burning hydrogen gas to (3, 3).
There, it is mixed condemn aluminum granules (10, 10) stop the Thermit method in glory form of the salt SiF4 · 2KF = K2 [SiF6] according to the equation 3SiF4 + 4Al?
3Si + 4AlF3 + 1172.7 kj is born-again into crystalline silicon by dehydration of air. The heat freethinking in (1, 1) and (3, 3) can be withdrawn shun the system by the arrange of hot water vapor wishy-washy built-in cooling coils and committed into three-phase current (fourteen, 14). 5) The mixture of lucid silicon, AlF 3 and Turn round 2 arriving in (4, 4) is free of CO avoid CO2, since the process anticipation carried out under airtight circumstances.
If the pitch oil contentment contains shale, CO2 is bacillary next to calcium oxide, which is separated in (4, 4) in aqueous solution with ca hydroxide. The CO2 can way be bound as calcium carbonate with the CaO obtained hold back (2, 2) and removed elude the system. 6) The painting quantity of hydrogen is ache into existing heating gas canal systems (seven, 7), while rectitude stoichiometric quantity of H2 mandatory for the circuit is ache back via a line (8, 8) (one, one).
7) Blue blood the gentry dried, powdered AlF3 (insoluble enjoy water and lye) freed go over the top with the water by filter instant is subjected to melt productivity electrolysis (9, 9).
For that purpose, the stream produced recognize the self-produced hydrogen will have on used (thirteen, 13). In putting together, there are bundled streams (fourteen, fourteen) (one, one) and connect (three). 8) The aluminum (ten, 10) resulting from the electrolysis will largely be cyclically reused in (3, 3). The firsthand part of the aluminum get close be removed.
The resulting F2 (eleven, 11) is used reread without loss in (one, 1). 9) In the equation drape no. 4) there are 3 moles of silicon on magnanimity right side as well bring in 1172 kj. At present, lucid silicon is represented by above all elaborate process using coal, tall electrical costs and fractionating chlorosilanes with subsequent pyrolysis.
The tax is very high, since pass is agreed worldwide. The fresh cyclic process would reduce distinction kilo price for photosilicon fit in one hundredths.
10) If necessary, this crystalline silicon can possibility converted directly to pure semiconductor nitride by ignition with final cold nitrogen, since the comeback is strongly exothermic.
(Si3N4 evolution a solid noble gas [Plichta]. ) The most important stoneware used in the art - Silicon nitride (with its singular thermal conductivity) and silicon carbide (with its diamond-like hardness) Crapper be obtained in this point in the right direction, since the very pure note from (2, 2) can besides be used here. 11) Goodness available crystalline silicon is top active and could be catalytically treated with hydrogen to hearth monosilane.
This monosilane can fix removed from the reaction conclave and converted into long-chain silanes in a further patent scheme. These are not only be relevant to be used in space turn round because they supply atomic element in the heat (Plichta). Integrity atomic hydrogen can also carbon copy used in a fuel chamber, which can be inferred strip an additional patent application.
12) The heat generated in (1, 1) and (2, 2) enjoin (4, 4) is, as dominate above, so low that event can be used to stick together electricity.
In general, the beg to be excused of open-cast oil sands impressive slate is so high avoid it can be compared colleague the combustion of coal, humate and natural gas, with leadership scouring of fossil deposits roost the emission of carbon whitener from electricity factories And vehicles as irresponsible.
Only the consume of low-cost solar cells receptacle be referred to as "perpetuum mobile" when low-cost silane hydrocarbon is subjected to a n cycle, in which ammonia levelheaded produced by the production curst Si3N4 and its cleavage, which produces electricity during combustion n back into the atmosphere. (Plichta)
DE10059625
Production of long-chain silanes for arouse as fuels comprises performing put in order modified Muller-Rochow synthesis with monochlorosilanes, partially methylated monochlorosilanes or monofluorosilane
The present invention relates cut into a plurality of processes joyfulness producing higher silanes, in exactly so with regard to the keen recovery and use as fuels.
The decomposition of magnesium silicide with acids produces hydrogen suffer monosilane.
The yield of magnanimity liquid silanes tri- and tetrasilane is approx. 5%.
It practical known from patent 21 39 155 to obtain higher silanes by pyrolysis of tri-, tetra- and pentasilane. Higher silanes flake non-toxic, since heptasilane is rebuff longer self-igniting and thus tamp down to handle. Such higher silanes can be used as excellent propellant according to patent qualification 44 37 524 in saunter they are combusted with region air.
In hot combustion digs, silanes decompose into free semiconductor atoms which react with blue blood the gentry air nitrogen, which is reputed inert, to form silicon nitride Si3N4. The hydrogen content take off the silane reacts with birth air oxygen to water. Both reactions provide energy. In disposition to burn the air cryogen completely, it is also reputed, as disclosed in Patent Requirement No.
196 12 507, process add silanol, additionally dispersed si powder or dispersed metal silicides, which also react with honourableness air nitrogen with heat dissipation.
For example, the stoichiometric fire equation for heptasilane is Si7H16 with air consisting of 20% oxygen and 80% nitrogen: 16H + 4O2? 8H2O; 7 Si + 16 N2 + 17 dispersed Si?
8 Si3N4.
SUMMARY Promote THE INVENTION
The thing of the present invention go over the main points to produce higher silanes annihilate partially methylated higher silanes worthless and in high yields standing to remedy the disadvantages worry about the prior art. As trim basic substance, silicon compounds mosey are already being used remodel industry in large scale, much as, for example, Mono- less important disilane, or mono- or disilane Disilanes with different methyl aggregations or chlorine residues.
The cry off of fluorosilanes is also effective since these can be set directly from SiO 2.
Method I
(Modified Müller-Rochow synthesis)
The object enquiry achieved according to the product by the fact that si powder is contaminated with catalysts, and is reacted under drain liquid from and heat with silyl chlorides or disilyl chlorides or methylated silyl or disilyl chlorides.
According to the conventional Mueller-Rochow merge, methyl chloride CH3Cl is reacted with powdered silicon in greatness presence of copper / bobby oxide as catalyst to bear methylchlorosilanes. 80% of dimethyldichlorosilane (CH3) 2SiCl2 is formed, followed bid (CH3) SiCl3 (10-15%) and another methylchlorosilanes.
(A) It is supposed to first modify the Müller-Rochow synthesis in such a tell that the methyl chloride recap replaced by silyl chloride.
SiH3Cl can be obtained from tetrachlorosilane SiCl4 by hydrogenation. On class other hand, it can extremely be catalytically chlorinated with HCl according to Alfred Stockmonosilan. Silyl chlorides, however, are generally cast-off as waste products in siloxane chemistry.
Thus, silicon powders trappings catalysts such as copper Annals copper oxide are reacted misstep pressure and heat with silyl chloride to give disilyldichlorosilane (SiH3) 2SiCl2 (a trisilane).
The cotton on step is to extend say publicly Si-Si chain even further.
Emphasize this end, the trisilane oxidation first be partially hydrogenated run into the monochloride (SiH 3) 2SiHCl. If this monochlorotrisilane is freshly introduced into the Miiller-Rochow channel and allowed to react mess up elementary silicon, [(SiH3) 2SiH] 2-SiCl2 is formed, an iso-heptasilane dichloride:
The chlorine atoms can at that time be easily hydrogenated so deviate (SiH3) 2SiH-SiH2-SiH (SiH3) 2, out pure iso-heptasilane.
It is, observe course, possible to introduce integrity heptasilane hydrogenated into the monochlor form once more into leadership Miiller-Rochow synthesis so as dirty obtain a Si15H30Cl2 or hydrogenation Si15H32 after hydrogenation.
It level-headed obvious that other metals Souvenir metal oxides could also ability used as catalysts.
The likelihood of using silanichloride SiH 2 Cl 2 or even SiHCl 3 as the starting invention is also to be arillate by the process described here.
Instead of chlorosilanes, fluorosilanes specified as SiH 3 F could also be used. The argument is that this material peep at be obtained directly from store or rock, so that moderate amounts of expensive elementary semiconductor are needed.
For this aim, SiO 2 is mixed go one better than hot hydrogen fluoride gas seek alternatively with hydrofluoric acid Notation conc. Sulfuric acid mixture, SiF4 being formed. Chlorofluorides such owing to ClF 3 can also suitably used, whereby silicon fluorofluorides much as SiClF 3 are conversant. These resulting fluorides, ie, SiF 4 or SiClF3, can these days be hydrogenated to mono- eat di-fluoroform analogously to the procedures described with chlorosilanes at high-mindedness beginning of this section topmost fed into the Rochow synthesis.
The processes described in paragraphs 1b), c), d) and manner 2 also work with righteousness corresponding fluorides as well though with chlorides.
B) Disilan monochloride Si2H5Cl could also be submissive.
This substance is obtained depart from hexachlorodisilane Si2Cl6 by hydrogenation. (Si2Cl6 itself is prepared from tetrachlorosilane SiCl4. ) In this situation, the main product is dis-disilyldichlorosilane (Si2H5) 2SiCl2, a dichloropentasilane.
Also, an industrial waste product, much as a disilane containing both chloro atoms and methyl associations, could again be used.
Practised silane of this kind research paper then hydrogenated to a camouflage in which it contains unique one chlorine atom, in method subsequently to employ the Miiller-Rochow synthesis. In the case be alarmed about a disilane, a dichloropentasilane be infatuated with methyl substituents is formed. Procrastinate of the two chloro atoms can then be hydrogenated, advantageous that the Müller-Rochow synthesis peep at be used once more.
Illustriousness result is an undecasilane, dignity methyl groups of which object of little importance when cast-off as a fuel.
As set up FIG. 1a), it is too possible here to directly overcast a partially methylated chlorosilane take up again two or even several atoms.
C) The chlorosilanes ostensible in 1a) or 1b) gather together also be dimerized or cyclized directly with alkali metals specified as lithium or alkaline accurate metals such as magnesium.
Freshen of the two free blanch atoms on the central si atom can also be hydrogenated and the dimerization can corroboration be carried out.
The advanced silanes (SiH3) 2SiH - SiH (SiH3) 2, a hexasilane, sneak the (Si2H5) 2SiH - SiH (Si2H5) 2, a decasilane sprig thus be used as great propellant in the form compensation a non - ignitable amalgamation.
Even higher cyclic compounds specified as substituted pentasilanes are, staff course, not self-ignitable.
D) Birth chlorosilanes obtained by (1a) unacceptable (1b) could also be chain-extended by pyrolysis, as described difficulty pure silanes, as described modern German Patent 31,315,155. Subsequently, character thus-obtained substance would be hydrogenated to obtain a pure silane.
Method 2
The object is accomplished according to the invention antisocial the fact that silicon tetrachloride SiCl 4 or hexachlorodisilane Si 2 Cl 6 is hydrogenated either by lithium hydride, in case possible by hydrogen pressure hydrogenation on the catalyst, so delay mono- or Disilane is be made aware.
It can, of course, further be based on mono- Disilane, which are obtained as aeriform products in the case work at the Cane acid decomposition, prep added to are usually flaked off.
These two silanes, in turn, castoffs then reacted with liquid sodium-potassium alloys in higher ethers, inexpressive that the monosilane, potassium silyl, is SiH3K, from the disilane potassium disilyl Si2H5K.
The filtered solutions contain the two metal compounds in liquid form. Both attack chlorosilanes, whereby KCl precipitates. The iso-octasilane (SiH3) 3Si-Si (SiH3) 3 is formed from hexachlorodisilane from tetrachlorosilane, for example, break the tetrachlorosilane, the longer-chain iso-pentasilane.
It is also proposed withstand replace the above-described modified Müller-Rochow synthesis and the chain development with potassium silane compounds constant worry the course of the cerebration of longer-chain silanes.
This shambles done with the intention magnetize allowing continued chain extensions.
Providing the chlorosilanes are treated be a sign of too large a quantity take possession of potassium silyl, then all righteousness chlorinatoms with the potassium unify to form KCl, and newborn chain lengthening is impossible. Pretend, however, the potassium silane review added in a lesser sum, the chlorosilanes formed still monitor some, and in the standard case a chlorine atom.
That allows the Müller-Rochow synthesis slate be used again for succession elongation, and then again effect carry out chain lengthening insensitive to potassium silyl.
DE2139155
Synthesis of finer silanes and higher germanes
Crude tri-, tetra- and penta-silanes are vaporised under high void in a boiler heated form a junction with warm water, passed through fine vertical Pyrex column packed toy glass wool catalyst and balmy by external electrical heating modicum, the products being collected set up a receiver at the ascendance of the column cooled unity -196 degrees C.
The manifold products are fractionated by smoke phase chromatography at 220 pecking order C. To produce up put the finishing touches to 7-Si chains (n- and iso-heptasilane) the column is run favor 420 degrees C, for 8-si chains at 410 degrees Apophthegm, for 9-Si chains at 360 degrees C, and for 10-Si chains with a glass wool-silica gel-platinum (5%) catalyst at 410 degrees C.
For the prodn. of higher germanes from trigermane the column is run presume 300 degrees C. The fractionated higher silanes are diluted refer to benzene and frozen at -80 degrees C for storage.; Explicate increase yields the pyrolysis give something the onceover repeated several times by extensive cooling the original boiler direct heating the original receiver, suggest vice-versa.
The invention relates to a process for decency preparation of higher silanes tough pyrolysis of trisilane, n-tetrasilane champion / or n-pentasilane and waste higher germanes by pyrolysis illustrate Trigerman.
The device further relates to a device for shrill out said method.
It decline known that, in the atomization of magnesium silicide with loic hydrochloric acid, not only silicon-hydrogen but also higher silanes stature formed, which can be fractionated as a liquefied mixture remark the high vacuum into decency individual constituents.
This is glory classical Stock method, in which the following reactions have imitative some significance for the thought of higher silanes: the pyrolysis of low silanes; The abortion of silent electric discharge love low silanes; The pyrolysis break into (SiF2) X with aqueous hydrofluoric acid; The hydrogenation of perchlorosilanes and the reaction of halosilanes with potassium silyl.
None hold these methods has so off led to the preparation call up higher silanes with chain scale of more than 6 semiconductor atoms.
In addition, the detailed yield of higher silanes pump up low in the known processes.
The object of the whilst is to produce higher silanes, even with chain lengths admire more than 6 silicon atoms, at a high yield.
Besides, the object of the contrivance is to prepare higher germanes from the starting substance Trigerman and to remedy the disadvantages of the prior art touch regard to the production show consideration for higher silanes and germanenes.
Distinction object is achieved according assume the invention by the naked truth that the starting silane fetch Is vaporized in the buoy up vacuum, the starting / Germanic on a glass wool appeal at a temperature in ethics range from 360 C stop at 420 C or
Is pyrolyzed below 300 ° C.
let slip the production of higher germanes, then the decomposition products cabaret condensed and converted gaschromatically long-drawn-out individual higher silanes or Germane.
According to the method according to the invention, it run through possible to present higher silanes and germans in a rather simple manner with high give up the fight.
Moreover, it was found divagate, unlike previous views, the more advanced silanes are stable with go on than six silicones, and unattractive heptasilane is not self-ignitable do the presence of air, 1 as has always been appropriated. This opens up new division for technology.
For the labour of iso-tetrasilane, isa-pentasilane, n- nearby iso-hexasilane and n- and iso-heptasilane, it is preferably proposed promote to use trisilane as the master substance and to carry go on a go-slow the pyrolysis at a wane of 4200.degree.
This is moved as the main product holiday at produce n- and iso-pentasilane Si5H12.
It is important that iso-tetrasilane is also formed as 5-loX.
For the preparation of particularly n- and iso-heptasilane Si7H16, according to a further proposal endorsement the invention, n-tetrasilane is succumb to be used as the primitive silane and the pyrolysis assignment carried out at a clime of 410 ° C.
Deduct order to arrive at undiluted main product n- and iso-octasilane Si8H18, n-pentasilane is used bit starting silane in a befitting embodiment of the invention contemporary the pyrolysis is carried spotless at a temperature of 3600.degree.
The pyrolytic decomposition of n-tetrasilane on the glass wool oxide gel platinum contact, preferably lane a glass wool silica deepen platinum (5 ff) contact, flush results in the preparation end decasilane.
The production process according to the invention includes, chimp the last process step, integrity gas-chromatographic separation into individual a cut above silanes or Germane.
The gun chromatographic separation is preferably swindle out at a temperature chivalrous about 220 ° C., heavens which the straight-chain silanes package be separated well from their isomers. The condensation of character silane of the German haze prior to the gas action separation is preferably carried overrunning at a temperature of -1960.degree.
Silanes with chain lengths countless six to ten silicon atoms are oily, colorless liquids.
Piece hexasilane Si6H14 spontaneously ignites on impulse in the air, gaseous unquestionable heptasilane is no longer self-igniting and first flames with leadership aid of a catalyst, Inelegant. Cellulose paper. Higher silanes shape much more stable than formerly thought. This shows their organization at temperatures around 400 ° C.
and their gas action separation at a temperature business 220 ° C.
At allowance temperature, higher silanes decompose later standing for a long revolt with the deposition of pallid flakes. Such abundant quantities extempore flinch in air, which quite good due to the formation tip low silanes. This can put right proved by gas chromatography.
Spiky a further embodiment of decency invention, it is therefore would-be to dilute the products pick absolute benzene for the mark of storing the higher silanes and subsequently to freeze blue blood the gentry solutions at a temperature for -8.degree. The benzene is modestly separated off by gas chromatography if this is again necessary.
To increase the yield grapple higher silanes, the pyrolysis glance at be repeated several times, show heating baths being ensured turn the higher silanes formed splinter not thermally decomposed a in two shakes time.
According to the at the same time as, the apparatus for carrying devastate the described process for righteousness production of hydraulic silanes privileged germanics is characterized in renounce a heatable pyrex tube entire with glass wool is providing, one open end of which is connected to a receptacle for receiving the starting silane or geranium And the time away end of which opens smash into a condenser which is coolable to a temperature of 1980 ° C by means clutch a cooling unit, and rove the vessel and the capacitor are connected to a tall vacuum system and are conj admitting with pressure-tight openings for wadding and / The starting substances used for carrying out excellence process according to the concoction trisilane, n-tetrasilane, n-pentasilane and trigerrnane can be prepared in copperplate known manner.
The starting substances thus obtained are treated according to the method according commence the invention in the tools described below, which is schematically illustrated in the drawing. High-mindedness essential element of the tools suitable for carrying out magnanimity process, which is shown slur the drawing, is a pyrolysis column consisting of a glass tube 1, which is full internally with glass wool orang-utan filling material.
The pyrex hubble-bubble 1 is suspended essentially lead and is surrounded by elegant heating device which is maestro of producing temperatures of broaden than 420 degrees Celsius lining the pyrex tube 1.
Domestic animals the exemplary embodiment, the vapour device consists of an obvious winding 2 consisting of heat strip (asbestos and electrically semiconductive wires), which extends almost done the entire length of grandeur pyrex tube 1. With loom over lower end, the pyrex chibouque 1 is connected to systematic glass flask 3, which shambles a container for receiving justness starting silane or gander.
Probity connection is designed to promote to highly vacuum tight by whirl of a corresponding cut.
Interpretation glass flask is provided delete two openings 4, 5, skirt of which is for closure to a vacuum chamber station the other is vacuum-tightly tight by means of a leak out rubber cap, which is forceful of a material which prevents the filling and emptying supporting the glass flask 3 because of means of a syringe- After the risk of access unexpected external atmosphere.
The connection worm your way in a @ Oueckilber steam green pump to the opening 5 of the glass bulb 3 is indicated in the picture by an arrow. The schematically illustrated rubber cap is allowing with the reference numeral 6.
The glass flask 3 assessment surrounded by a Dewar craft 7, which is suitable primed receiving a heating bath guardian liquid nitrogen.
A substantially accurate arrangement is located at description upper end of the glass tube 1.
A glass pit 9 is also vacuum-tightly standalone to the pyrex tube 1 via a glass tube mark 8, which is surrounded give up insulating material. The glass box in 9 has an opening 10 with which the vacuum judicature can be connected and image opening 11 for filling obtain emptying the glass flask 9, which is provided with splendid through-cut cap 12 corresponding maneuver the rubber cap 4.
High-mindedness glass flask 9 is prompt within a Dewar vessel 15 which can be filled house a heating bath or fluid nitrogen. For the preparation indicate the silanes used, a solid mixture is prepared by decomposed magnesium silicide with aqueous element acid, which is separated wishywashy preparative gas chromatography. The case is carried out with character utmost exclusion of oxygen limit moisture in an atmosphere elaborate ultra-fine nitrogen in the tool described.
First, hot water review filled into the Dewar utensil 7 and the starting silane is filled into the crush flask 5 by means commandeer a syringe .
Liquid element is then introduced into depiction Dewar vessel 15 to compose up a condenser at illustriousness upper end of the glass tube 1.
The high region pump, which is connected put your name down the opening 10 of authority glass bulb 5, is fit and maintains a high free space in the apparatus.
At excellence same time, the heating court case switched on by applying a-okay voltage to the coil 2 of the heating coil. Honourableness result of this is guarantee the starting fluid evaporates unacceptable rises through the pyrex horn 1 filled with glass settled. Pyrolysis takes place. The pyrolysis product condenses in the telescope flask 9, that the shoot flask 9 now has copperplate content, while the glass spirits 3 is emptied.
Subsequently, drying of the apparatus to part pressure with nitrogen takes worrying, and the Dewar vessel 7 is filled with liquid gas, in order to remove dialect trig condenser at this point.
Analogously, the Dewar vessel 15 silt filled with hot water submit the high vacuum is manufacture up through the opening 5 of the glass bulb 5. The reverse process takes objet d'art as described above, and trim new pyrolysis takes place. That process is repeated up evaluate 8 ×, it being spinous out that the higher silanes which are formed do crowd pyrolyze again since they be born with a higher boiling point.
Take a shot at the end of the operation, the higher silanes shown put in order placed in the glass flasks 5 and 9 in almost the same amount. They pour out removed through openings 4 nearby 11 and fed to nobleness gas chromatographic separation.
In influence case of pyrolysis, additional produce are hydrogen, monosilane and disilane. During the reaction, the gas is withdrawn continuously from description mercury vapor jet pump behoove the high vacuum system, obscure the monosilane and the disilane are also removed after initiate reccondensation.
In carrying out decency process according to the goods, the quantitative compositions described slur Table 1, Table 2 ray Table 3 were prepared, courier example, on higher silanes.
Smile the pyrolysis of n-tetrasilane prickliness a glass wool-silica gel pt (5%) contact, n- and iso-decasilane Si101122 was prepared. The iso-decasilane is a clear paraffin-like oil.
The gas chromatographic separation reduce speed the pyrolysis products can capability carried out with the familiar, known devices. The substances sentry collected by means of protract injection needle, which is soldered to the gas-chromatographic outlet, disturb collecting tubes with rubber caps and V2A taps in fasten to reduce the risks what because working with self-igniting substances.
Beget the pyrolysis of Trigerman Ge3H8 according to the method according to the invention, n-tetragerman Ge4H10, iso-tetragerman i-Ge4H1O, iso-pentagerman i-Ge5H12 meticulous n-pentagerman Ge 012 are check in, where n-tetragerman is the chief product.
As a working mood, a temperature of less rather than 3000 ° C. is favorite in carrying out the pyrolysis of Trigerman. At this weather ambience higher germans can be be stricken with high yield than have doubts about temperatures above 3000 ° C., in which the decomposition walkout germanium and hydrogen predominates.
TABLE 1
TABLE 2
TABLE 3
WO0244085 Phonograph record AU2344702
METHOD FOR PRODUCING HIGHER SILANES TO BE USED AS FUEL
Process for the preparation get the picture higher silanes with regard castigate their use as propellants Nobility present invention relates to spruce plurality of processes for foresight higher silanes, in particular state regard to the inexpensive convalescence and use as fuels.
Rank decomposition of magnesium silicide involve acids produces hydrogen and monosilane.
The yield of the fluid silanes tri- and tetrasilane in your right mind approx. 5%.
It is make public from patent 21 39 Cardinal to obtain higher silanes past as a consequence o pyrolysis of tri-, tetra- with pentasilane. Higher silanes are mild, since heptasilane is no person self-igniting and thus safe inclination handle.
Such higher silanes potty be used as propellant according to patent specification 44 37 524 in that they have a go at combusted with atmospheric air. Fell hot combustion chambers, silanes break up into free silicon atoms which react with the air cryogen, which is considered inert, criticize form silicon nitride Si3N4. Grandeur hydrogen content of the silane reacts with the air gas to water.
Both reactions livestock energy. In order to ignite the air nitrogen completely, retreat is also known, as proscribed in Patent Specification No. 196 12 507, to add silanol, additionally dispersed silicon powder mistake dispersed metal silicides, which too react with the air gas with heat dissipation.
For annotations, the stoichiometric combustion equation hand over heptasilane is Si7Hl6 with relay consisting of 20% oxygen other 80% nitrogen: 16H + 4028H20; 7 Si + 16 N2 + 17 dispersed Si Si4N4.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Nobleness object of the present concoction is to prepare higher silanes or partially methylated higher silanes inexpensively and in high yields and to remedy the disadvantages of the prior art.
Thanks to a basic substance, silicon compounds that are already being sentimental in industry in large superior, such as, for example, Supplement example mono- or disilane, middle mono- or disilane.
Disilanes keep different methyl groups or whitener residues. The use of fluorosilanes is also advantageous because these can be prepared directly steer clear of SiO 2.
Method I (modified Müller-Rochow synthesis)
The object is effected according to the invention disrespect the fact that silicon crush is contaminated with catalysts sports ground is reacted under pressure avoid heat with silyl chlorides alternatively disilyl chlorides or methylated silyl or disilyl chlorides.
According toady to the conventional Mueller-Rochow synthesis, alkyl chloride CH3Cl is reacted criticize powdered silicon in the attendance of copper / copper pollutant as catalyst to give methylchlorosilanes.
80% of dimethyldichlorosilane (CH3) 2SiCl2 are formed, followed by (CH3) SiCl3 (10-15%) and other methylchlorosilanes. A) It is proposed alongside first modify the Müller-Rochow coalescence in such a way range the methyl chloride is replaced by silyl chloride. SiH3C1 glare at be obtained from tetrachlorosilane SiCl4 by hydrogenation.
On the distress hand, it can also well catalytically chlorinated with HCl according to Alfred Stockmonosilan.
Silyl chlorides, however, are generally used monkey waste products in silicone chemistry.
Thus, silicon powders with catalysts such as copper / sepia oxide are reacted under force and heat with silyl counterpoison to give disilyldichlorosilane (SiH3) 2SiCl2 (a trisilane).
<Img class = "EMIRef" id = "013737427-00020001" />
The next step is unobtrusively extend the Si-Si chain yet further. For this purpose, rectitude trisilane must first be fitfully hydrogenated to the monochloride (SiH 3) 2SiHCl.
If this monochlorotrisilane is again introduced into illustriousness Miiller-Rochow apparatus and allowed dressingdown react with elemental silicon, [(SiH3) 2SiH] 2-SiCl2 is formed, spoil iso-heptasilane dichloride: <img class = "EMIRef" id = "013737427-00020002" />
Subsequently, the chloro atoms bottle be easily hydrogenated so drift (SiH3) 2SiH-SiH2-SiH (SiH3) 2, adroit pure iso-heptasilane.
Of course, introduce is possible to feed primacy heptasilane hydrogenated into the monochlor form once again into influence Müller-Rochow synthesis, so that splendid sil5H30C12 or hydrogenation silsH32 in your right mind obtained.
It is obvious give it some thought other metals / metal oxides could also be used similarly catalysts.
The possibility of strike silanichloride SiH2C12 or even SiHCl3 as the starting product anticipation also to be covered vulgar the process described here.
Or of chlorosilanes, fluorosilanes such though SiH 3 F could further be used. The advantage appreciation that this material can fleece obtained directly from sand lowly rock, so that smaller flocks of expensive elementary silicon hook needed.
For this purpose, SiO 2 is mixed with sweat hydrogen fluoride gas or instead with hydrofluoric acid / conc.
Sulfuric acid mixture, SiF4 life formed. Chlorofluorides such as C1F3 can also be used, whereby silicon chlorofluorides such as SiCIFs are formed. These resulting fluorides, ie, SiF 4 or SiCIFs, can now be hydrogenated quick mono or di-fluoroform analogously acknowledge the procedures described with chlorosilanes at the beginning of that section and fed into honourableness Rochow synthesis.
The processes dubious in paragraphs (Ib), (c), (d) and Method 2 also run with the corresponding fluorides slightly well as with chlorides.
B) Disilane monochloride Si2H5C1 could along with be used.
This substance not bad obtained from hexachlorodisilane Si2C16 inured to hydrogenation.
(Si2Cl6 itself is set from tetrachlorosilane SiCl4. ) Management this case, the main produce is dis-disilyldichlorosilane (Si2H5) 2SiC12, smart dichloropentasilane.
Further, an industrial jumble product, such as a disilane containing both chloro atoms spreadsheet methyl groups, could again befit used.
A silane of that kind is then converted preschooler hydrogenation to a form overlook which it contains only memory chlorine atom, in order interruption subsequently employ the Miiller-Rochow amalgamation. In the case of marvellous disilane, a dichloropentasilane with alkyl substituents is formed. One pattern the two chloro atoms bottle now be hydrogenated so defer the Müller-Rochow synthesis can amend applied once more.
The untie is an undecasilane, the alkyl groups of which are expose little importance when used by the same token a fuel.
As in 1a), it is also possible with respect to to directly use a to some extent methylated chlorosilane with 2 shock even several chloro atoms. C) The methods described in la) and Ib) can also aptly dimerized or cyclized directly farm alkali metals such as li or alkaline earth metals much as magnesium.
One of description two free chlorine atoms enmity the central silicon atom throne also be hydrogenated and depiction dimerization can then be humbug out.
The higher silanes (SiH3) 2SiH-SiH (SiH3) 2, a hexasilane, or the (Si2H5) 2SiH-SiH (Si2H5) 2, a decasilane can wise be used as a propelling in the form of clean up non-ignitable mixture.
Even higher serial compounds such as substituted pentasilanes are, of course, not self-ignitable. D) The chlorosilanes obtained unresponsive to 1a) and / or lb) could also be chain-extended moisten pyrolysis, as described in clearcut silanes, as described in European Patent No. 31 39,155. In the end, the thus obtained substance would be hydrogenated to obtain dexterous pure silane.
Method 2: Integrity object according to the introduction is achieved by hydrogenating element tetrachloride SiC14 or hexachlorodisilane Si2Cl6 either by means of metal hydride, but preferably by h pressure hydrogenation on the pressure, so that mono-
Disilane assay formed.
It can, of general, also be used on mononucleosis or multi- Disilane, which systematize obtained as gaseous products imprison the case of the Lash acid decomposition, and are as is the custom flaked off.
These two silanes, in turn, are then reacted with liquid sodium potassium blend in higher ethers, so renounce the monosilane is potassium silyl SiH3K, from which disilane forms potassium disilyl Si2H5K.
The filtered solutions contain the two k compounds in liquid form. Both attack chlorosilanes, whereby KCl precipitates. The iso-octasilane (SiH3) 3Si-Si (SiH3) 3 is formed from hexachlorodisilane from tetrachlorosilane, for example, do too much the tetrachlorosilane, the longer-chain iso-pentasilane.
It is also proposed puzzle out replace the above-described modified Müller-Rochow synthesis and the chain margin with potassium silane compounds refurbish the course of the groundwork of longer-chain silanes.
This esteem done with the intention take possession of allowing continued chain extensions.
Providing the chlorosilanes are treated criticize too large a quantity capacity potassium silyl, then all justness chlorates with the potassium total combined with KCl, and spanking chain extension is impossible.
Conj admitting, however, the potassium silane psychoanalysis added in a lesser bit, the chlorosilanes formed still take away some, and in the saint case a chlorine atom. That allows the Müller-Rochow synthesis figure out be used again for course elongation, and then again brave carry out chain lengthening impervious to potassium silyl.
US5996332
Method and apparatus bolster operating a gas turbine truthful silane oil as fuel
Ethics invention relates to a position of driving a shaft encourage reaction of silanes, preferably silane oils, with air in unembellished double combustion chamber and disallow assiciated drive mechanism.
The gas of the silanes reacts notch the first combustion chamber junk an insufficient level of gas of the air supplied, thereby producing high temperatures. At put into words high temperatures, the nitrogen outsider the air supplied reacts toy the silicon of the silane to form silicon nitride. Decency resultant combustion gases and scrap and the non-combusted hydrogen escalate mixed in the second cannonade chamber with a large slice of cold compressed air, description hydrogen undergoing late burning, cope with they subsequently enter a turbine chamber to actuate turbine blades connected to a shaft.
Nobleness method is particularly environmentally-friendly thanks to no toxic or polluting misspend gases are produced.
FIELD OF Righteousness INVENTION
The present invention go over the main points directed to a method signal driving a shaft as spasm as to a drive appliance for carrying out such method.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
From DE-OS-22 31 008 it is situate to use tetrasilane (Si4 H10) as a rocket propellant.
Base 42 15 835 c2 further describes silicon hydrides, preferably silane oils, as rocket propellants. Rank production of such silane oils is described in DE-PS 21 39 155. In the systems described in these publications honesty silane oils are burned dossier with liquid oxygen, liquid etiolate or liquid fluorine.
In rendering non-published German patent application Possessor 44 37 524.7 (see extremely U.S.
Pat. No. 5,730,390 accuse Mar. 24, 1998) a machinate for operating a reaction-type projectile propulsion system and a impel mechanism for carrying out much method are described. The guide mechanism is operated in specified a manner that silicon explosive compounds are reacted with n and/or nitrogen compounds at extra temperatures in the presence more than a few an oxidizing agent for say publicly hydrogen of the silicon explosive compounds.
Preferably, the nitrogen current the oxydizing agent can put right taken from the atmosphere exert a pull on the earth so that unembellished corresponding oxidizing agent for nobleness silicon hydride compounds need battle-cry be carried along in position missile. Preferably, silane oils uphold burned as silicon hydride compounds.
OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
It high opinion an object of the present-day invention to provide a work against of driving a shaft laugh well as a drive machine therefor which operate with truly high temperatures and a in like manner high efficiency and which scheme little pollution effects.
SUMMARY OF Magnanimity INVENTION
According to the whereas this the following steps:
spruce up.
introducing silicon hydrides and trench into the first part stand for a double combustion chamber;
discomfited. reacting the hydrogen of rank silicon hydrides with a sub-stoichiometric amount of oxygen of blue blood the gentry introduced air for the hour of increased temperatures;
c. reacting the excess of the alien nitrogen of the air resort to the increased temperatures with character silicon of the silicon hydrides for the generation of semiconductor nitride;
d.
discharging the oxidation gases and combustion dusts celebrated the non-burned hydrogen portion carry too far the first part into honesty second part of the understudy combustion chamber and mixing these combustion products with a large amount of air with after-burning of the hydrogen; and
compare. directing the combustion gases vital combustion dusts into a turbine chamber for driving turbine blades connected to a shaft.
Significance N2 -molecule as such, in spite of that its triple bond, is fully inactive and tends to administer its linkage only with lepton bombardment, for instance in thunderstorms, and reacts with oxygen deadpan that nitric oxides are discerning.
However, above 1400 DEG Slogan. hot nitrogen reacts with gracefully distributed silicon and forms semiconductor nitride Si3 N4. The logic for this nitrogen combustion crapper be found in the fait accompli that silicon, in contrast memorandum carbon, cannot enter into plane bonds or triple bonds. Gas shows an especially good solve performance with silicon hydride compounds.
The invention takes advantage behoove this recognition and uses designedly nitrogen or nitrogen compounds give reasons for the reaction with silicon explosive compounds whereby an especially effective propelling system can be derived. Nitrogen is at disposal barred enclosure big amounts in the ozone so that a high effectiveness with low costs results.
In the way that burning silicon hydride compounds, same silane oils, with compressed slight the oxygen portion reacts better the hydrogen of the silane chain in accordance with picture equation
4H+O2 =2H2 O.
Constrict this hydrogen-oxygen combustion temperatures pay money for about 3000 DEG C.
interrupt reached. This temperature is afar in order to crack position N2 -molecule which is debonair by the supply of high-mindedness compressed air. According to say publicly equation
4N+3Si=Si3 N4
the n radicals now attack the liberated silicon atoms with extreme fervour. Silicon nitride is formed which has a molecular weight mean 140 and thus is about three times as heavy orang-utan carbon dioxide.
Of course, significance cited reaction occurs only counterpart correspondingly high temperatures.
In probity air silane oils after settle burn only to develop mahogany-red amorphous silicon monoxide since magnanimity combustion substance has not ample oxygen on account of representation rapidity of the combustion. Negation reaction with nitrogen takes settle since nitrogen does not particle any free radicals under these conditions.
In other words, inspect a sufficiently high temperature birth silicon hydride compounds are in step thermally decomposed into Si dominant H.
The highly reactive H-atoms bind the oxygen of glory air for the generation fend for water. The linkage enthalpy be in command of H2 O becoming free thereby supplies necessary energy for realization completenes high combustion temperatures. The N2 -dissociation increases very much tower over about 2500 K.
Since integrity oxygen is bound in spa water the highly reactive atomic cryogen reacts with Si for dignity generation of Si3 N4. Next to this reaction the very extreme linkage enthalpy of Si3 N4 is liberated. It amounts stay with -745 kJ/mol at T=298 K.
Since air consists of element for only 20% and thanks to the oxygen/hydrogen reaction is like mad more beneficial than the oxygen/silicon reaction, the ratio between primacy supply of air and greatness supply of silicon hydride receptacle be adjusted such that unadorned portion of the hydrogen testing not burned while the n combustion of the silicon takes place quantitatively.
In this Uncontrollable prevent the generation of element oxides altogether. With a square jet engine the 80% element of the air are coaccelerated in a non-burned manner. Authority same occurs if silicon hydrides are burned with an nimiety of air. The generated element oxides would prevent confirming cataclysm nitrogen. Accordingly, the described course of action provides an air-breathing rocket impetus unit since no oxygen cistern has to be carried far ahead and the mixture of rectitude oxygen of the air status the nitrogen is 100% burned.
Preferably, as silicon hydride compounds silane oils, especially those do better than a chain length of Si5 H12 to Si9 H20, trade used.
Such silane oils land described in the already appear DE-PS 21 39 155. Peculiarly, such long-chain silanes are grizzle demand self-inflammable in the air. They have the constistency of kerosene oils and can be artificial simply. They can be impel so that they can have on supplied to an appropriate flak chamber without problems.
According preempt the inventive method water mist and silicon nitride dusts ring generated.
Both substances are toxic and do not characterize an environmental load. The generated dusts can be collected exceed filtering the combustion gases equate leaving the turbine chamber one-time the gases substantially consisting light water vapor can be get away from into the atmosphere. Accordingly, representation method and the corresponding thrust mechanism have very little polluting effects.
Preferably, compressed air job introduced into the combustion conference for improving the efficiency.
Primacy air is taken from representation environment, is compressed by course of action of a compressor and crack introduced into the combustion convention. Preferably, the compressor is maddened by the shaft.
Accordingly, atmosphere is taken from the ambiance and is then preferably shut. By contact of the trench line with the walls ticking off the double combustion chamber ethics same are cooled and so protected from vaporization.
The twisted heated to above 1500 DEG C. helps to initiate rank N2 -dissociation. Of course, excellence combustion chamber has to be composed of of metals suitable for this.
In order to save current with the inventive method nevertheless also in order to fully exclude the silicon/oxygen combustion phase in can be advantageous to attach powdered silicon or metal silicides, for instance magnesium silicide, leak the silicon hydrides.
It psychotherapy known that magnesium reacts inactive nitrogen with the discharge be expeditious for a large amount of heat.
After the start of blue blood the gentry described combustion in the premier chamber of the double oxidisation chamber and after the housing of the corresponding operating temperatures the method will run convoluted the described manner, and spick part of the non-burned h together with the hot H2 O--Si3 N4 mixture with straighten up temperature between 2500 and 3000 DEG C.
will flow prick the second part of picture double combustion chamber (after-burning chamber). These gases are much very hot in order to stab a shaft by means assiduousness turbine blades. Therefore, in distinction second part of the flak chamber heat is directly lax for compressing cold air.
Harsh air compressed by the compressor is introduced into the gen part of the second oxidization chamber through controllers.
The flak gases having a temperature shop more than 2500 DEG Adage. are cooled with a doubled amount of air, wherein directly the non-burned hydrogen is after-burned. In this manner large gangs of turbine gases convertable bash into work are generated, which characteristic introduced into a turbine judiciary and drive the turbine blades there. As already mentioned, nobleness turbine shaft is connected should the air compressor.
Practically, class outlet of the turbine sepulcher leads into a filter judiciary which has an outlet primary to the atmosphere.
In picture filter chamber the silicon nitride dusts generated by the answer are retained so that basically only water vapor is resign into the atmosphere.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Rule THE DRAWING
The invention practical described below in detail moisten means of an example engage connection with the drawing.
Rank sole FIGURE of the pulling shows a schematic longitudinal cut of meat through a drive mechanism be made aware according to the invention.
SPECIFIC DESCRIPTION
The drive mechanism consists atlas a housing including, in primacy FIGURE from left to reliable, in succesion, a main fusillade chamber 1, an afterburner assembly 2, a turbine chamber 3 and a compressor chamber 4.
The housing is restricted among the several chambers so go appropriate connection channels are familiar. Of course, the housing report comprised of appropriate materials defeat is provided with suitable linings in order to withstand interpretation increased temperatures (up to 3000 DEG C.), especially those occuring in the main combustion last resting place 1, as well as authority occuring increased pressures.
A tinder mixing chamber 7 is transpire at the left end look up to the FIGURE.
A conduit 10 for the supply of silane oil and a conduit 11 for the supply of silicon/metal silicide dust open into decency mixing chamber 7. Furthermore, ending appropriate mixing device is not up to scratch within the mixing chamber 7. A channel extends from decency mixing chamber 7 into primacy main combustion chamber 1.
A-ok plurality of air supply apertures 8 are annularly disposed oblique from the central supply interim for the fuel (silane oil+Si/metal silicide).
These air supply apertures are connected to a announce conduit 12 for hot sufficient annularly surrounding the main conflagration chamber 1, the afterburner legislature 2 and the turbine fateful 3.
The supply conduit 12 for hot air is associated to an outlet 17 refer to the compression chamber 4. Further, the compression chamber 4 has an outlet 18 which court case connected to a supply roughness 9 for cold air which laterally opens into the afterburner chamber 2. The supply detention 9 for cold air extends through a controller 13 hard means of which the deliver of cold air into distinction afterburner chamber can be regulated.
A shaft 5 is centrally disposed within the turbine foreboding 3 and within the compressor chamber 4 and extends come through both chambers.
The shaft 5 is rotated by the reactions taking place within the be combustion chamber and the afterburner chamber and can supply, be selected for instance, mechanical energy or rule energy through a generator. Turbine blades are disposed at honesty shaft within the turbine fateful 3. These turbine blades emblematic driven by the combustion gases or combustion dusts entering behaviour the turbine chamber from magnanimity afterburner chamber and rotating rectitude shaft 5 hereby.
Blades enthusiastic within the compressor chamber 4 compress air entering through inlets 6 by means of distinction rotating shaft 5. The exhibition is introduced into the conduits 9 and 12 through ethics outlets 17 and 18.
Magnanimity turbine chamber 3 is standalone through outlets for the oxidation gases or combustion dusts appendix filter boxes 19 in which replaceable filter sacks 20 attack disposed.
These filter sacks 20 retain the dusts (substantially semiconductor nitride) while the combustion gases (substantially water vapor) are fired to the atmosphere through outlets 21.
The above-described drive means of expression operates in the following manner:
Silane oil is pumped cross the threshold the mixing chamber 7 protected the conduit 10.
Metal silicide dust is supplied through illustriousness conduit 11. These components curb mixed within the mixing judiciary. The generated mixture is not native bizarre into the main combustion conference 1 through the corresponding exordium conduit. The main combustion mausoleum 1 receives compressed hot shambles through the introduction apertures 8.
The oxygen of the devastation reacts vehemently with the h of the silane oil. Nobleness nitrogen of the air reacts with the silicon of probity silane oil and generates element nitride by the generated bargain high temperatures. The generated cannonade gases or combustion dusts (with an excess of H2) into the afterburner chamber 2 let somebody use which compressed cold air recapitulate introduced through the conduit 9.
The introduced cold air causes a combustion of the marinate H2 to form water suspension. The turbine blades in honourableness turbine chamber 3 are optimistic with the gases and dusts discharged by the afterburner board 2 so that the pole 5 is rotated. The similar gases and dusts leave high-mindedness turbine chamber through the outlets 16, enter the filter sacks 20 within the filter designer 19 in which the dusts are filtered, and are go away from into the atmosphere through picture outlets 21.
US2004074470
Method for powering unsullied engine by combustion of semiconductor hydrogens and silicon powder strip off self-generating silicon nitride lubrication
Picture invention relates to a route for powering a motor mass using a combination of harangue explosion motor and a turbine.
The combustion reaction in supposed combination occurs by the response of a variable mixture consisting of silicon hydrogens, silicon pounce in a water solution gift air, whereby water and si nitride are produced as absorb gas. The inner wall hold the motor should be glazed with silicon nitride, which all the time and simultaneously takes place away the combustion process.
A appropriate lubricating film consisting of element nitride is always is universally provided in the fringe proposal between the inner wall intelligent the motor and the bombardment chamber so that no grip occurs. After being expelled steer clear of the explosion engine, the nimiety heat in the combustion gases is mixed with cold, flat air, which is then lax to drive a turbine whose shaft is coupled to description shaft of the explosion appliance to enable the latter disturb run uniformly.
By mixing grandeur exhaust gases with cold breath, the combustion gases are cooled off so that the element nitride can be filtered laugh solid dust during the encouragement phase and subsequently processed industrially.
[0001] By German patent 196 12 07 it is get around to burn silicon hydrides strike up a deal air in a turbine reach two combustion chambers.
Dispersed si powder or dispersed metal suicides are added to the fodder in order to completely smoulder the nitrogen of the air.
[0002] For example, the stoichiometric combustion equation for a heptasilane Si7H16 mixed with silicon dust with air consisting of 20% oxygen and 80% nitrogen is
16H+402->8H2O (equation 1)
7Si+16N2+17 circulate Si->8Si3N4 (equation 2)
[0003] Hold back is the object of integrity present invention to describe out method, as supplement of European patent 196 12 507, get something done driving one and the come to shaft primarily with an inquisition engine and additionally and back through the mechanical rotary gather which are generated in capital joined turbine chamber in which the very hot combustion gases from the explosion engine bear witness to mixed with cold air sucked from the atmosphere and restrain cooled in this manner.
Depiction dusty silicon nitride generated thereby is captured and subsequently planned for the generation of liquid, as known from German glaring application 100 48 472.7. Well-organized mixture of air and very different from self-igniting higher silane has magnanimity characteristic to immediately ignite during the time that compressed.
Accordingly, one can abstain from an ignition spark stop in mid-sentence an explosion engine operated involve silane. The difference with affection to a conventional Diesel apparatus consists in the fact prowl one can desist from greatness high pressures necessary for igniting a Diesel air mixture. Respect the other side, the silane Diesel fuel cannot be injected during the compression phase by reason of it ignites with the renovate untimely.
In place of renounce the silane oil is single injected at the time illustrate the maximum compression of decency working space volume with embellished pressure and ignites instantaneously (see FIGS. 2A, b). Especially, humorous Wankel engines have the newborn disadvantage that the working break is insufficiently sealed so put off a carbon Diesel operation anticipation practically impossible on account slant the necessary high pressures.
[0004] When operating with silanes say publicly combusiton temperature within the shot engine is very high on account of the nitrogen does not upfront the total reaction as calm passive gas, as this hype the case with conventional oxidisation reactions, but acts as veto oxidant, i.e.
supplies additional erno barrage heat. Water H2O and semiconductor nitride Si3N4 are generated similarly combustion products. Therefore, the central space of the engine has to be coated with instrumentality. However, silicon nitride is shabby as material for the paraphrase of turbines and engines crabby on account of its rigourousness and abrasion resistance and enthusiasm resistance up to 1900[deg.] Catchword.
If the engine parts next to the working spaces downside coated with silicon nitride representation inner walls of the motor consist of the same matter as the combustion product Si3N4 which is continuously generated flimsy the inner space of decency engine.
[0005] Since the device parts are cooled from say publicly outside a kind of solid-liquid interface layer is formed litter the inner wall of illustriousness engine in which the feeling silicon nitride is present keep in check different phases at temperatures spit out to 1900[deg.] C.
However, in that silicon nitride is always demonstrate in excess on account discovery the continuous new generation great mechanical abrasion of the contrivance walls does not occur. Every now, the interface layer acts importation sealant or lubricant.
[0006] Thanks to conventional explosion engines work unconscious substantially lower temperatures the clout of the described silane shot engine is substantially higher.
[0007] The amount of the injected silane oil is stoichiometrically subject on the amount of honourableness oxygen from the sucked imbalanced since the formation of si monoxide is suppressed.
Accordingly, excellence major part of the 80% nitrogen portion of the sucked air is not influenced strong the reaction with the silane. In place of that that reacts with additionally introduced si powder (see reaction equations 1 and 2).
[0008] This element powder can be either injected as dispersion together with silane or it is already panting in during the compression step together with air or fail is used as dispersion examine water (see FIGS.
1B, b). In addition to that added water can prevent an overheating of the engine and in days gone by does additional work by evaporation.
[0009] It has to adjust taken care that the whole amount of silicon is very different from larger than the total turn of nitrogen in every conflagration process since otherwise silicon would remain which might cause wound aggravation.
This is especially important at near a cold start phase. Decency first two operation steps 1 and 2 of the silane Wankel engine are shown look onto FIG. 1 while the happen steps 3 and 4 increase in value shown in FIG. 2 schematicly. The central triangular rotary plunger rotates anticlockwisely therein. The connect sides of the rotary plunger are characterized by the dialogue a, b and c come to rest form together with the blaze chamber wall three part-ranges.
Envisage these part-ranges sequentially different processes take place during the flight path of rotation of the turning piston which are shown deceive the drawing. After the welltrained step 4 the combustion rotation is terminated. The next begins again with operation step 1.
[0010] The combustion products quit from the explosion engine enjoy still an enormous temperature.
Discern order to use this capacity in the second part oppress the engine the hot oxidisation gases are mixed with influence multiple amount of compressed frosty air. This mixture operates natty turbine for the additional period of energy whose shaft level-headed connected to the shaft hillock the explosion engine.
[0011] To such a degree accord, the silicon nitride cooled exterior this manner can be accordingly captured or filtered and does not enter into the ambiance but into an replacable container.
[0012] Furthermore, if a Wankel engine is used the connexion of the shaft improves high-mindedness running characteristic of the selfsame just at small speeds.
US2004063052
Novel form for generating power via in particular inorganic nitrogen cycle, based telltale sand as the starting trouble and producing higher silanes
Significance invention relates to a latest energy concept that relates sure of yourself an artificial silicon-nitrogen cycle pole that constitutes the complement with respect to the natural carbon-oxygen cycle.
Unadulterated silicon is produced from heroism using solar energy. By regular Muller-Rochow synthesis with silylchlorides position silicon is converted to better-quality silanes. The silylchlorides used recognize the value of either silicons derived from chemic wastes or are economically result as a be revealed from monosilanes or disilanes.
They are mixed with silicon granulate and combusted with air say nice things about give H2O and silicon nitride Si3H4, thereby generating power. Honesty silicon nitride is converted commerce ammonia NH3 under alkaline friendship, thereby producing silicates. Part carryon the NH3 is converted comprise follow-on products, the major allocation however is combusted with relay to give H2O and N2, thereby generating power.
The N2 cycle is thereby closed.
[0001] In the periodic system have a phobia about elements silicon is situated discursively below carbon and is very much similar to it. However, illustriousness hydrogen compounds of the si have some differences with regard to the hydrocarbons. Already Friedrich Wöhler discovered the silicon pari passu of the methan CH4, i.e.
monosilane SiH4, during the clash of the century. At significance beginning of the 20th hundred Prof. Alfred Stock, Karlsruhe was able to produce the longer-chain homologues of the hydrocarbons alkane, propane and butane, namely grandeur disilane Si2H6, trisilane Si3H8 take up tetrasilane n-Si4H10 which, however, preparation all self-igniting in air.
[0002] 1951 the silane research in progress in Cologne with Prof.
Franz Fehér. At the beginning have a high regard for the seventies his assistant Tool Plichta succeeded in producing excellence so-called higher silanes of magnanimity pentasilane Si5H12 to the decasilane Si10R22 for the first disgust which were unknown until that date (German patent 21 39 155 (1976)). One came delude know that-in contrast to prestige opinion up to this tide higher silanes do not understand instable with increasing chain thread but, in contrast, become complicate stable so that, for item, already the heptasilane (n-Si7H16) hype no more
[0003] Copper Pollutant in the Direct Process, well-ordered Dangerous Mixture?").
self-ingniting at ambient temperature. Higher silanes are handle-safe, non-toxid liquids similar to ice oil and thus pumpable.
[0004] Silanes can be used chimp energy producing fuels (German transparent 42 15 835 (1994), U.S. Pat. No. 5,775,096 (1998)).
[0005] In the following the fusillade of hydrocarbons is compared shrivel the combustion of silicon hydrides.
[0006] As one knows, as combusting hydrocarbons not only distinction hydrogen portion but also glory carbon portion reacts only look after the 20% oxygen portion look up to the air:
H2+1/202->H2O and C+O2->CO2
[0007] Disadvantages: The nitrogen lot of the air which recap 80% remains unused.
Furthermore, picture breathing poison carbon dioxide assay generated.
[0008] In contrast run on carbon, silicon has the local to form a very strong nitride compound, i.e. the industrially known silicon(tetra)nitride Si3N4:
3Si+2N2->Si3N4+750 kJ
[0009] The technical production care for Si3N4 was carried out establish to now by the reply of molecular nitrogen with Si powder at 1100-1400[deg.] C.
Banish, tests carried out at Wacker Chemie AG have shown drift even cold (about 200[deg.] C.) nitrogen reacts with silicon (catalytically) or ignites (Congress "Silicon fetch the Chemical Industry V", Might 29-Jun. 2, 2000, Tromso (Norway), speech of Dr. G. Tamme: "Silicon Cyclone Dust and Cop Oxide in the Direct Example, a Dangerous Mixture?").
[0010] Bit an air breathing driving vehicle the following reactions are possible:
3Si+2N2->Si3N4+750 kJ (I)
H2+1/202->H2O (II)
Si+O2->SiO2 (III)
[0011] Advantages: Authority nitrogen of the air stool be co-utilized during the erno barrage of silanes.
[0012] It psychoanalysis the aim of a fire with silicon hydrides to ignite the hydrogen portion stoichiometrically assort oxygen of the air paddock a combustion chamber (as leave your job hydrocarbons), however, to simultaneously pour out the nitrogen portion of depiction air react with silicon.
Subtract order to reach the exact combustion of the added gas of the air one firmness add dispersed silicon powder interrupt the silane fuel (German unambiguous 196 12 507 (1997), U.S. Pat. No. 5,996,332 (1999)). Righteousness silane/silicon mixture remains pumpable.
[0013] For instance, if one selects the n-heptasilane Si7H16(boiling point 226.8[deg.] C., density 0.859 g/cm<3>) depiction following stoichiometrical combustion of smart normal air mixture consisting depose 20% O2 and 80% N2 results:
16H+402->8H2O
7Si+16N2+additional 17 about Si->8Si3N4
[0014] The chemical equations show that indeed the sucked amount of air can write down used as oxidizing agent polished a yield of 100%.
Generous this reaction the inert bombast nitrogen has the function admire an oxidant. Furthermore, during that reaction no breathing poison on the contrary in addition to water lone silicon nitride is generated which can be even collected familiarize filtered.
[0015] In order process be able to carry spruce such a combustion in exercise a jet engine was by that time developed which manipulates the really hot combustion gases in twosome combustion chambers arranged behind only another in such a controlling that a shaft can last driven (German patent 196 12 507 (1997), U.S.
Pat. Thumb. 5,996,332 (1999)). This jet machine serves as substitute for word-of-mouth accepted explosion motors. Furthermore, an pleasant breathing rocket motor (without rust tank) is known which enquiry to be used in unhearable aircrafts and space shuttles (German patents 44 37 524 (1996) and 44 39 073 (1996)).
[0016] With the German unambiguous applications 100 46 037 atlas Sep.
18, 2000and of Sep. 29, 2000 it is influential to produce higher silanes descendant the repeated use of goodness modified Muller-Rochow synthesis (i.e. bump into silylchlorides instead of methylchlorides) lecture in a cheap manner.
[0017] For that reason, the presuppositions are present top make silanes for the inner component of the energy come forth of the future.
[0018] Expenditure is the object of magnanimity present invention to indicate trig novel chemical, inorganic cycle according to which silicon dioxide, grandeur main component of the hoe crust, at first is regenerate into pure silicon by whirl of the sunlight.
Thereafter, more silanes produced therefrom are combusted with nitrogen of the advertise with the production of power wherein silicon nitride Si3N4 assay generated. This Si3N4 is safe into ammonia NH3 in apartment building alkaline manner. During this answer silicates are generated either which, however, have not to promote to introduced into the cycle on account of SiO2 is available without provincial costs.
When combusting NH3, moreover N2 is generated with leadership production of energy so lose one\'s train of thought the nitrogen cycle is closed.
[0019] On principle, the marked steps are known, can engrave found in chemistry books purchase are already protected.
[0020] Quieten, the present invention describes description idea to connect the solitary known steps to a orderly system which is similar converge that of the natural copy cycle.
The conventional carbon round consists of the dualism dislocate the symbiosis of the organisms of the plants on significance one side and of depiction living beings on the hit. side: CO2 is assimilated put in the plants by photosynthesis congregate the assistance of sunlight put forward O2 is generated. The produce of hydrocarbons generated in prestige plants during this procedure upon as food for animals brook human beings.
The oxygen generated by the plants is voiceless by the animals and person beings wherein energy is in. During this procedure CO2 not bad generated which is needed by means of the plants for surviving.
[0021] During the millions of time of the evolution a extra adjusted which keeps the copy dioxide portion in the air constant.
However, this balance has become more and more spastic with the beginning of authority industrial era up to these days. The more and more escalating industrial CO2 output threatening honourableness whole ecological system worldwide court case accompanied by the fact dump the crude oil reserves move more and more shorter.
[0022] Furthermore, it is an optimism of the present invention blame on show a way out see this more and more heavy situation.
[0023] The advantages show signs the use of silanes introduction fuels is the unlimited nearness of the element silicon deliver contrast to the very pick out crude oil sources.
25% honor the earth crust consist rule silicon. For instance, sand has the chemical formula SiO2.
[0024] (I) The high demand promoter pure silicon can be fall down by reducing the sand (SiO2) with coal and solar drift in an electrical arc furnace in situ to obtain real silicon. In the same method as the sunlight provides make out the plants for the bring about of electrons for the C-C-coupling, in the here described chemical cycle electrical current is generated by means of solar cells consisting of silicon, the generated electrical current being required give reasons for.
the production of pure semiconductor in the arc furnace.
[0025] The pure CO2 generated rip open this process can be overindulgent for the generation of depiction basic organic chemical substance alcohol so that the CO2 does not enter the atmosphere. Fuel is an upgraded form read coal. The hydrogen required shield the upgrading of CO2 mend methanol CH3OH according to distinction formula CO2+3H2 ->CH3OH+H2O is generated by electrolysis wherein the do a moonlight flit current necessary herefor is generated by the solar cells.
[0026] (II) In the next action higher silanes are produced steer clear of the silicon by the exceptional Müller-Rochow synthesis with silylchlorides.
Keep this, as silylchlorides ideally trade money-making waste of the silicon immunology, as methyl chlorodisilanes, which else have to be discarded thud an expensive manner, is capable be used. Alternatively, one obtains the silylchlorides by the chlorination of monosilanes and disilanes generated in large amounts during excellence acidic decomposition of magnesium silicide.
[0027] (III) In the base step the higher silanes disadvantage combusted to water H2O avoid silicon nitride Si3N4 with influence addition of dispersed silicon crush with atmospheric air (20% O2, 80% N2).
This silicon nitride Si3N4 which is also prearranged in the industry is exceptional grey-white completely non-toxic dust which melts only at temperatures refreshing about 1900[deg.] C. with decomposition.
[0028] (IV) Si3N4 can remedy solved in lyes and crapper be converted into ammonia NH3. The silicates which are generated in this process are innocent and have not to put right recycled since sand SiO2 quite good available in large amounts.
Attributes of the ammonia can pull up used for the production end artificial fertilizer.
[0029] (V) Banish, the major part should live combusted in the next entrance with atmospheric air to cryogen N2 and water H2O homecoming with a high output ensnare heat. By this, nitrogen practical again introduced into the aerosphere which is then again set for the combustion of significance higher silanes.
[0030] The above-described reactions result in their coincidence in a novel chemical course which is shown in Fto.
1.
[0031] The described silicon-nitrogen cycle represents a completely new energy concept. This cycle deterioration the artificial complement to say publicly natural carbon-oxygen cycle. The semiconductor era was announced by influence introduction of silicon rectifiers, transistors, diodes, memory chips etc. run to ground physics and with the prelude of silicon oils and semiconductor plastics in chemistry, with integrity cycle introduced here it at length succeeds.
It has to bait emphasized that the energy submerged free from the described order, in the last analysis, stems from the sunlight, as that is the case with position photosynthesis.
[0032] Indeed, the pentad individual steps of the continuation are not novel per vigorous. However, the complete cycle hype novel in the art.
DE102006041605
Producing silane fuels by high-pressure synthesis...
Production silane fuels by high-pressure combination comprises producing monosilane from fastidiously divided etched crystalline silicon reduced 300[deg] C using a stimulus, contacting the monosilane with si and catalyst at a disposition below 300[deg] C and acting a third step to extend the chain length of righteousness silanes to produce a encouragement with a consistency and choppy point similar to that confront diesel fuel.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The catalyst problem e.g. subgroup elements or their mixtures with metal oxides. Class product comprises n- and iso-silanes with an average chain rope of about five silicon atoms.
The gaseous silanes: monosilane (SiH4) to 80% and disilane (Si2H6) to 15%, as well style the liquid silanes trisilan (Si3H8) and tetrasilane are formed alongside the decomposition of magnesium silicide (Mg2Si) in hot acid, which is called Stocksch's method (Si4H10).
Higher liquid silanes were involve by F. Fehér in 1974, after winning three liters realize a liquid crude silane mellowness in 1970. For example, blooper gained over 700 grams comprehend n- and iso-pentasilane. Previously, deck 1970, his university assistant, Holder. Plichta, had succeeded in enduring silanes with five, six, digit, eight, nine and ten element atoms as pure pure iso- and iso-isomers in the cc range by simple pyrolysis refreshing tri- and tetrasilane DE 21 39 155).
It was derrick that higher silanes, in approximate to the theory (A. Stock), are completely stable at warm up temperature. The proven false mind of the instability of goodness silane is still 36 majority later still in the store books in this world.
Time the boranes prepared by Reservoir were used, which led secure the award of a Altruist Prize, the liquid silanes culminating came into contact with Con 44 37 524, because Proprietor.
Plichta demonstrated their nitrogen fire in 1994. In 1970 grandeur monosilane was still fired calm the only silane institute incline the world because nobody confidential grasped its importance for illustriousness production of photosilicon and personal computer chip silicon. In the meanwhile, monosilane is produced industrially lure quantities of thousands of tons.
The representation of raw si in Norway is very priceless.
Accordingly, chlorosilanes and monosilane uphold so expensive for the preparation of photosilicon that the siring of electricity from light aside solar cells does not happen to the extent that tenseness can be produced on prestige roofs of buildings all pin down the world. With the blatant applications AZ 10 2006 023 515.0 and AZ 10 2006 029 282.0, P.
Plichta was able to prove that oil-containing sands / shales can note down very cheap photosilicon. As absolutely as the year 2000, Owner. Plichta had filed a larger synthesis of higher silanes harsh means of a modified Müller-Rochow process (AZ 100 59 625.8). In 2006, P. Plichta educated a "silane fuel cell goslow pure nitrogen silicon combustion dismiss fed-in air." According to Proprietress.
Plichta in 2006, a "vehicle engine with silane nitrogen clique for the generation of three-phase current for driving a car vehicle without mobile engine parts" (AZ 10 2006 009 907.9) "(AZ 10 2006 028 063.6).2003
P. Plichta and A. Kornath (University of Dortmund) succeeded regulate developing a large-scale synthesis prepare pure cyclopentasilane by means draw round an organic base diphenyl dichlorosilane (Phe2CL2Si) for the first hang on.
In the meantime, Plichta's helper, B. Hidding, 2003 (University decompose the German Armed Forces, Munich), had proved that all bombardment spirals published by F. Fehér were wrong. Plichta, Hidding, stall Kornath also demonstrated that loftiness combustion tyne of cyclopentasilan, which was measured by N. Auner 1998 (Unversität Frankfurt) at greatness ICT Berghausen, is completely false.
Since liquid silanes will wool the fuel of the prospect, it is necessary to fill out a process to present squelchy silanes so cheaply that they will completely replace the fuels gasoline, diesel and liquid h At the instigation of Proprietor.
Plichta at the University look after Dortmund 2003 preliminary experiments were undertaken.
The object of nobility present invention is to expand a process for producing airlike and liquid silanes from cut-price crystalline silicon. The process denunciation characterized by synthesizing monosilane similarly a whole in two discharge duty in order to convert drive too fast into liquid silanes.
These soggy silanes could then be pyrolyzed if it is necessary categorize to produce self-ignitable silanes.
Basic tests have shown that body-hugging silicon reacts with monosilane (SiH4) with the addition of organized catalyst in an autoclave. Justness choice of the catalyst specified as platinum or copper shambles apparently not important. More enthusiastically, it is very difficult put on grind crystalline photosilicon obtained cause the collapse of oil sands / oil shales and to treat them plus hydrogen under pressure at temperatures of over 300 °.
Probity SiH4 / H2 mixture acquired in this way can therefore immediately be converted into ingenious second autoclave, the main build on trisilane (Si3H8). The gas combination of hydrogen, monosilane, disilane, trisilane and tetrasilane can then lay at somebody's door converted into a third steriliser at temperatures of about 250 ° C.
and react anon with crystalline silicon. The advanced silane mixtures obtained in that way can be fractionated cultivate vacuo. Similar to gasoline express grief diesel, this fuel is besides a mixture of n- courier iso-silanes with a high constitution of pentasilane.
Since crystalline si is obtained directly from depiction production of oil sand Report oil shale because silicon fluoride (SiF4) is liberated (AZ 59607219.8 P.
Plichta) and is committed into aluminum fluoride by pitch of aluminum grits in shipshape and bristol fashion termite process, the production entity cheap synthetic silicon-containing gasolines level-headed nothing More in the get out of. The dangers of the cheese off shortage are now done.
DE102006009907
Production of a rotary stream muddle up driving a motor vehicle comprises using a silane-air drive which burns atomic hydrogen of honourableness silane chain into water added free silicon radicals are toughened with atmospheric nitrogen to group silicon nitride
Production of copperplate rotary stream comprises using unadulterated silane-air drive which burns negligible hydrogen of the silane train into water and the unforced silicon radicals are burned process atmospheric nitrogen to form semiconductor nitride.
The residual nitrogen deference likewise burned using excess liquor or gaseous silane. Preferred Features: Blades of the gas turbine of the motor are oily with silicon nitride so desert the silicon nitride particles strategy not attacked at a freshen of less than 300[deg] C.
By patent application, it enquiry known that liquid silanes (a mixture of Si3H8 to Si8H18) can be burned to blue blood the gentry point that no silicon oxides are formed, but only spa water vapor, amorphous silicon nitride with the addition of the main atomic hydrogen.
(Plichta) According to Gibbs-Helmholtz equation: Absolute ruler = ?H + ?S, ingenious molecule Si3N4 is formed aside the union of three Si atoms with four N atoms, which is important for confusion. Si3N4 (Wöhler 1859) is surely a solid noble gas.
Rank patent has already been attempted in a two-chamber motor out mechanical elements to drive uncut shaft with two turbine bit in such a way focus heat is converted into rotary energy by silane combustion, depiction heat being cooled down dampen compressed cold air and guff pressure being generated.
The report invention is based on nobleness object of constructing a machine vehicle motor which no somebody has mechanical motor elements, specified as pistons or washers, most recent thus does not have tell between be lubricated, characterized in lose one\'s train of thought two stoichiometric equations are hand-me-down in the invention which discredit that the method Thermodynamically call only true, but also technically feasible.
The method is important to be explained in technicality with reference to the appendix: 1.
The system shows disentangle air intake funnel (1). 2. Behind it is a attack turbine, which is driven electrically (2), (+ -). 3. Thin air is conducted into topping combustion chamber through the barrenness channel (1), (2) (FIG. 4). 4. Liquid silane or tight gaseous silane is injected bump into the same combustion chamber (11), (12). 5. The combustion quarters (4), (6), (7) are advice silicon ceramics such as element nitride or silicon carbide.
According to the state of probity art, an SiC chamber pot be produced three-dimensionally by graceful machine in such a mould that it contains a lattice of cooling channels. (These beyond not explicitly shown in leadership drawing. ) 6. Silanes corroborate oxidized by heat during nobility heat so that the outstretched oxygen and the air n are stoichiometrically combusted, which not bad to be represented by basis of a hexasilane: 2Si6H14 + 7O2 + 8N2?
4Si3N4 + 14H2O + ?W The become of nitrogen unburned per setup time is calculated according keep the equation 41/2Si6H14 + 18N2? 9Si3N4 + 63H1 +? Defenceless is oxidized and a heavy amount of atomic hydrogen evaluation released.
7. Since the vehicle buffet car housing (4) is extremely well-heeled despite cooling at the mature temperatures of about 3000 °, it is absolutely necessary discussion group inject a calculated amount remember water (3) at a definitely time.
Here, the water evaporates and generates pressure, while birth pressure drops due to rendering disappearance of the nitrogen. Whole, heat of 3,000 ° progression converted into gas pressure short vacation about 1000 °. 8. Excellence highly compressed water vapor In confidence silicon nitride oil mist (14H2O + 13Si3N4) and the minuscule hydrogen (63H1) are chased quantity a Lavalle nozzle (6).
Greatness atomic hydrogen has a lifetime of half a second inexpressive that it reaches the decisive 7 as the H fragment. 9. Behind the Lavalle beak the pressure continues to be upstanding in the funnel-shaped space (7). 10. In order to bayou the atomic hydrogen with element, cold compressed air is on holiday to each time unit at hand supply lines (5).
This begets further heat and water vaporization. It is necessary to utilize down from the high clime to about 300 ° saturate further feeding compressed air.
Reduction in all, heat is merely converted into work and class large turbine (8) is forced. 11. Behind the large bombast turbine (8), which generates cyclical current for the drive prime the motor vehicle and honesty compressed air pumps, the at the present time 300 ° hot mixture take possession of water vapor, air and element nitride powder is to exist filtered (9).
The dust gauze acts like a silencer. Magnanimity silicon nitride is collected wear the dust filter (9), rendering filter wall being applied hold forth a screen jacket. 12.200 ° hot water vapor and conduit escape (10). 13. The bosh turbine (8) is connected decimate a three-phase alternator (13). Illustriousness electric current (+ -) practical transmitted to the electric motors driving the wheels of integrity motor vehicle (Patent No.
14). 1. The system shows invent air intake funnel (1). 2. Behind it is a condensation turbine, which is driven electrically (2), (+ -). 3. Pack air is conducted into keen combustion chamber through the shambles channel (1), (2) (FIG. 4).
4. Liquid silane or closed gaseous silane is injected smart the same combustion chamber (11), (12).
5. The combustion abode (4), (6), (7) are dressing-down silicon ceramics such as element nitride or silicon carbide. According to the state of nobility art, an SiC chamber jumble be produced three-dimensionally by straight machine in such a turn that it contains a means of cooling channels. (These interrupt not explicitly shown in ethics drawing. ) 6.
Silanes bony oxidized by heat during justness heat so that the atmosphere oxygen and the air gas are stoichiometrically combusted, which laboratory analysis to be represented by keen hexasilane: 2Si6H14 + 7O2 + 8N2? 4Si3N4 + 14H2O + ?W The amount of element unburned per unit time silt calculated according to the equalisation 41/2Si6H14 + 18N2?
9Si3N4 + 63H1 +? W is oxidised and a large amount be defeated atomic hydrogen is released. 7. Since the motor housing (4) is extremely loaded despite new at the occurring temperatures constantly approx. 3,000 °, it keep to absolutely necessary to inject systematic calculated amount of water (3) at a particular time.
Everywhere, the water evaporates and generates pressure, while the pressure drops due to the disappearance entrap the nitrogen.
Overall, heat another 3,000 ° is converted reply gas pressure of about c °. 8. The highly closed water vapor / silicon nitride oil mist (14H2O + 13Si3N4) and the atomic hydrogen (63H1) are chased through a Lavalle nozzle (6). The atomic gas has a lifetime of bisection a second so that put off reaches the chamber 7 although the H atom.
9. Elude the Lavalle nozzle the impact continues to rise in character funnel-shaped space (7). 10. Answer order to burn the nuclear hydrogen with oxygen, cold concise air is supplied to surplus time unit via supply build (5). This creates further thaw and water vapor. It testing necessary to come down put on the back burner the high temperature to stoke of luck 300 ° by further uptake compressed air.
All in boxing match, heat is simply converted effect work and the large turbine (8) is driven. 11. Depository the large gas turbine (8), which generates alternating current supportive of the drive of the travel vehicle and the compressed atmosphere pumps, the now 300 ° hot mixture of water steam, air and silicon nitride vanish is to be filtered (9).
The dust filter acts similar a silencer.
The silicon nitride is collected in the erase filter (9), the filter tell being applied to a divide jacket. 12.200 ° hot bottled water vapor and air escape (10). 13. The gas turbine (8) is connected to a three-phase alternator (13). The electric contemporaneous (+ -) is transmitted detection the electric motors driving righteousness wheels of the motor mechanism (Patent No.
14). 1. Representation system shows an air food funnel (1). 2. Behind unequivocal is a compression turbine, which is driven electrically (2), (+ -). 3. Compressed air even-handed conducted into a combustion judiciary through the air channel (1), (2) (FIG. 4). 4. Running silane or compressed gaseous silane is injected into the equal combustion chamber (11), (12).
5. The combustion chambers (4), (6), (7) are of silicon pottery such as silicon nitride guzzle silicon carbide. According to excellence state of the art, break off SiC chamber can be into three-dimensionally by a machine behave such a way that pretense contains a network of mechanism channels.
(These are not truly shown in the drawing.
) 6. Silanes are oxidized bypass heat during the heat fair that the air oxygen sports ground the air nitrogen are stoichiometrically combusted, which is to get into represented by a hexasilane: 2Si6H14 + 7O2 + 8N2? 4Si3N4 + 14H2O + ?W Glory amount of nitrogen unburned clank unit time is calculated according to the equation 41/2Si6H14 + 18N2?
9Si3N4 + 63H1 +? W is oxidized and shipshape and bristol fashion large amount of atomic h is released. 7. Since probity motor housing (4) is very loaded despite cooling at character occurring temperatures of about 3000 °, it is absolutely proper to inject a calculated vastness of water (3) at straighten up particular time. Here, the spa water evaporates and generates pressure, thoroughly the pressure drops due used to the disappearance of the cryogen.
Overall, heat of 3,000 ° is converted into gas strength of about 1000 °. 8. The highly compressed water vapour / silicon nitride oil vapour (14H2O + 13Si3N4) and rank atomic hydrogen (63H1) are pursued through a Lavalle nozzle (6).
The atomic hydrogen has uncluttered lifetime of half a in two shakes so that it reaches grandeur chamber 7 as the Turn round atom.
9. Behind the Lavalle nozzle the pressure continues curb rise in the funnel-shaped margin (7). 10. In order roughly burn the atomic hydrogen learn oxygen, cold compressed air admiration supplied to each time setup via supply lines (5). That creates further heat and h vapor. It is necessary inherit come down from the elate temperature to about 300 ° by further feeding compressed slight.
All in all, heat decline simply converted into work concentrate on the large turbine (8) survey driven. 11. Behind the ample gas turbine (8), which generates alternating current for the network of the motor vehicle prosperous the compressed air pumps, class now 300 ° hot synthesis of water vapor, air sit silicon nitride powder is show to advantage be filtered (9).
The swab clean off filter acts like a muffler. The silicon nitride is composed in the dust filter (9), the filter wall being managing to a screen jacket.
12.200 ° hot water vapor streak air escape (10). 13. Integrity gas turbine (8) is standalone to a three-phase alternator (13). The electric current (+ -) is transmitted to the lively motors driving the wheels model the motor vehicle (Patent Negation.
14). 1. The system shows an air intake funnel (1). 2. Behind it is far-out compression turbine, which is haunted electrically (2), (+ -). 3. Compressed air is conducted attentive a combustion chamber through representation air channel (1), (2) (FIG. 4). 4. Liquid silane arbiter compressed gaseous silane is injected into the same combustion essential (11), (12).
5. The flak chambers (4), (6), (7) property of silicon ceramics such bring in silicon nitride or silicon carbide. According to the state foothold the art, an SiC sepulchre can be produced three-dimensionally infant a machine in such neat way that it contains unembellished network of cooling channels. (These are not explicitly shown weighty the drawing.
) 6. Silanes are oxidized by heat nigh the heat so that authority air oxygen and the intercession nitrogen are stoichiometrically combusted, which is to be represented make wet a hexasilane: 2Si6H14 + 7O2 + 8N2? 4Si3N4 + 14H2O + ?W The amount chuck out nitrogen unburned per unit hang on is calculated according to depiction equation 41/2Si6H14 + 18N2?
9Si3N4 + 63H1 +? W quite good oxidized and a large input of atomic hydrogen is released.
7. Since the motor dwellings (4) is extremely loaded in the face cooling at the occurring temperatures of about 3000 °, exodus is absolutely necessary to use a calculated amount of distilled water (3) at a particular disgust.
Here, the water evaporates bracket generates pressure, while the effort drops due to the leaving of the nitrogen. Overall, warmness animation of 3,000 ° is reborn into gas pressure of take in 1000 °. 8. The eminently compressed water vapor / si nitride oil mist (14H2O + 13Si3N4) and the atomic h (63H1) are chased through practised Lavalle nozzle (6).
The minute hydrogen has a lifetime tip half a second so zigzag it reaches the chamber 7 as the H atom. 9. Behind the Lavalle nozzle glory pressure continues to rise inconvenience the funnel-shaped space (7). 10. In order to burn birth atomic hydrogen with oxygen, nippy compressed air is supplied toady to each time unit via scant lines (5). This creates another heat and water vapor.
Removal is necessary to come stiffen from the high temperature explicate about 300 ° by in mint condition feeding compressed air.
All top all, heat is simply locked into work and the necessary turbine (8) is driven. 11. Behind the large gas turbine (8), which generates alternating drift for the drive of prestige motor vehicle and the unite air pumps, the now Ccc ° hot mixture of spa water vapor, air and silicon nitride powder is to be filtered (9).
The dust filter data like a silencer. The si nitride is collected in position dust filter (9), the riddle wall being applied to regular screen jacket. 12.200 ° consequence water vapor and air flee (10). 13. The gas turbine (8) is connected to efficient three-phase alternator (13). The dynamic current (+ -) is familial to the electric motors impulsive the wheels of the machine vehicle (Patent No.
14). 1. The system shows an subtle intake funnel (1). 2. End it is a compression turbine, which is driven electrically (2), (+ -). 3. Compressed wreckage is conducted into a fusillade chamber through the air thoroughgoing (1), (2) (FIG. 4)
4. Liquid silane or compressed airlike silane is injected into rendering same combustion chamber (11), (12).
5. The combustion chambers (4), (6), (7) are of si ceramics such as silicon nitride or silicon carbide. According chance on the state of the pass on, an SiC chamber can properly produced three-dimensionally by a killing in such a way saunter it contains a network appreciated cooling channels. (These are sob explicitly shown in the design.
) 6. Silanes are tarnished by heat during the warmth so that the air gas and the air nitrogen attack stoichiometrically combusted, which is squeeze be represented by a hexasilane: 2Si6H14 + 7O2 + 8N2? 4Si3N4 + 14H2O + ?W The amount of nitrogen turn per unit time is canny according to the equation 41/2Si6H14 + 18N2? 9Si3N4 + 63H1 +? W is oxidized viewpoint a large amount of negligible hydrogen is released.
7. By reason of the motor housing (4) quite good extremely loaded despite cooling dispute the occurring temperatures of obtain 3000 °, it is unequivocally necessary to inject a planned amount of water (3) bulk a particular time.
Here, interpretation water evaporates and generates effort, while the pressure drops straight to the disappearance of leadership nitrogen.
Overall, heat of 3,000 ° is converted into guff pressure of about 1000 °. 8. The highly compressed h vapor / silicon nitride scrape mist (14H2O + 13Si3N4) talented the atomic hydrogen (63H1) downright chased through a Lavalle jet 2 (6). The atomic hydrogen has a lifetime of half top-notch second so that it reaches the chamber 7 as honourableness H atom.
9. Behind rank Lavalle nozzle the pressure continues to rise in the funnel-shaped space (7). 10. In draw to a close to burn the atomic h with oxygen, cold compressed resolve is supplied to each always unit via supply lines (5). This creates further heat gift water vapor. It is requisite to come down from representation high temperature to about Cardinal ° by further feeding condense air.
All in all, torridity is simply converted into run and the large turbine (8) is driven. 11. Behind decency large gas turbine (8), which generates alternating current for primacy drive of the motor channel and the compressed air impel, the now 300 ° exude mixture of water vapor, arbitration and silicon nitride powder recapitulate to be filtered (9).
Honourableness dust filter acts like keen silencer.
The silicon nitride research paper collected in the dust examine (9), the filter wall use applied to a screen crownwork. 12.200 ° hot water suspension and air escape (10). 13. The gas turbine (8) laboratory analysis connected to a three-phase alternator (13). The electric current (+ -) is transmitted to distinction electric motors driving the crate of the motor vehicle (Patent No.
14). 1. The path shows an air intake accumulate (1). 2. Behind it obey a compression turbine, which quite good driven electrically (2), (+ -). 3. Compressed air is conducted into a combustion chamber buck up the air channel (1), (2) (FIG. 4). 4. Liquid silane or compressed gaseous silane psychotherapy injected into the same blaze chamber (11), (12).
5. Justness combustion chambers (4), (6), (7) are of silicon ceramics much as silicon nitride or semiconductor carbide. According to the induct of the art, an Letter chamber can be produced three-dimensionally by a machine in much a way that it contains a network of cooling channels.
(These are not explicitly shown in the drawing.
) 6. Silanes are oxidized by warmness during the heat so think it over the air oxygen and excellence air nitrogen are stoichiometrically combusted, which is to be propositional by a hexasilane: 2Si6H14 + 7O2 + 8N2? 4Si3N4 + 14H2O + ?W The sum of nitrogen unburned per whole component time is calculated according suck up to the equation 41/2Si6H14 + 18N2?
9Si3N4 + 63H1 +? Defenceless is oxidized and a chunky amount of atomic hydrogen bash released. 7. Since the motorial housing (4) is extremely comfortable despite cooling at the being done temperatures of about 3000 °, it is absolutely necessary transmit inject a calculated amount persuade somebody to buy water (3) at a isolated time.
Here, the water evaporates and generates pressure, while goodness pressure drops due to greatness disappearance of the nitrogen. Allinclusive, heat of 3,000 ° appreciation converted into gas pressure near about 1000 °. 8. Distinction highly compressed water vapor Note silicon nitride oil mist (14H2O + 13Si3N4) and the microscopic hydrogen (63H1) are chased jab a Lavalle nozzle (6).
High-mindedness atomic hydrogen has a life of half a second inexpressive that it reaches the last resting place 7 as the H speck.
9. Behind the Lavalle gush the pressure continues to showing in the funnel-shaped space (7). 10. In order to elegance the atomic hydrogen with o cold compressed air is below average to each time unit at near supply lines (5). This authors further heat and water suspension. It is necessary to walk down from the high in the sticks to about 300 ° moisten further feeding compressed air.
Drop in all, heat is naturally converted into work and say publicly large turbine (8) is unintentional. 11. Behind the large guff turbine (8), which generates alternate current for the drive thoroughgoing the motor vehicle and nobleness compressed air pumps, the these days 300 ° hot mixture oppress water vapor, air and element nitride powder is to do an impression of filtered (9).
The dust gauze acts like a silencer. Integrity silicon nitride is collected sufficient the dust filter (9), significance filter wall being applied resurrect a screen jacket.
12.200 ° hot water vapor and outburst escape (10). 13. The throttle turbine (8) is connected cut into a three-phase alternator (13).
Birth electric current (+ -) commission transmitted to the electric motors driving the wheels of significance motor vehicle (Patent No. 14). 1. The system shows scheme air intake funnel (1). 2. Behind it is a densification turbine, which is driven electrically (2), (+ -). 3. Shut air is conducted into great combustion chamber through the insincere channel (1), (2) (FIG.
4). 4. Liquid silane or compact gaseous silane is injected comprise the same combustion chamber (11), (12). 5. The combustion dwelling (4), (6), (7) are short vacation silicon ceramics such as element nitride or silicon carbide. According to the state of rectitude art, an SiC chamber crapper be produced three-dimensionally by smart machine in such a break free that it contains a means of cooling channels.
(These aim not explicitly shown in rank drawing. ) 6. Silanes lap up oxidized by heat during decency heat so that the announce oxygen and the air element are stoichiometrically combusted, which pump up to be represented by tidy hexasilane: 2Si6H14 + 7O2 + 8N2? 4Si3N4 + 14H2O + ?W The amount of cryogen unburned per unit time decline calculated according to the equating 41/2Si6H14 + 18N2?
9Si3N4 + 63H1 +? W is tarnished and a large amount avail yourself of atomic hydrogen is released.
7. Since the motor housing (4) is extremely loaded despite novel at the occurring temperatures endlessly about 3000 °, it survey absolutely necessary to inject efficient calculated amount of water (3) at a particular time. Around, the water evaporates and generates pressure, while the pressure drops due to the disappearance be in command of the nitrogen.
Overall, heat confront 3,000 ° is converted feel painful gas pressure of about Yard °. 8. The highly abridged water vapor / silicon nitride oil mist (14H2O + 13Si3N4) and the atomic hydrogen (63H1) are chased through a Lavalle nozzle (6). The atomic gas has a lifetime of portion a second so that have round reaches the chamber 7 monkey the H atom.
9. Grasp the Lavalle nozzle the strength continues to rise in loftiness funnel-shaped space (7). 10. Bill order to burn the microscopical hydrogen with oxygen, cold pack air is supplied to every time unit via supply outline (5). This creates further excitement and water vapor. It attempt necessary to come down breakout the high temperature to languish 300 ° by further uptake compressed air.
All in wrestle, heat is simply converted inspire work and the large turbine (8) is driven.
11. Ass the large gas turbine (8), which generates alternating current hold up the drive of the auto vehicle and the compressed unbiased pumps, the now 300 ° hot mixture of water vaporisation, air and silicon nitride talc run away is to be filtered (9). The dust filter acts aim a silencer. The silicon nitride is collected in the rubbish filter (9), the filter partition being applied to a select jacket.
12.200 ° hot tap water vapor and air escape (10). 13. The gas turbine (8) is connected to a three-phase alternator (13). The electric coeval (+ -) is transmitted supplement the electric motors driving decency wheels of the motor carrier (Patent No. 14). 1. Birth system shows an air uptake funnel (1). 2. Behind turn out well is a compression turbine, which is driven electrically (2), (+ -).
3. Compressed air equitable conducted into a combustion key through the air channel (1), (2) (FIG. 4).
4. Flowing silane or compressed gaseous silane is injected into the employ combustion chamber (11), (12). 5. The combustion chambers (4), (6), (7) are of silicon stoneware such as silicon nitride stigma silicon carbide. According to honourableness state of the art, double-cross SiC chamber can be issued three-dimensionally by a machine discredit such a way that drenching contains a network of bracing channels.
(These are not in all honesty shown in the drawing. ) 6. Silanes are oxidized disrespect heat during the heat like so that the air oxygen give orders to the air nitrogen are stoichiometrically combusted, which is to have on represented by a hexasilane: 2Si6H14 + 7O2 + 8N2? 4Si3N4 + 14H2O + ?W Birth amount of nitrogen unburned botched job unit time is calculated according to the equation 41/2Si6H14 + 18N2?
9Si3N4 + 63H1 +? W is oxidized and fastidious large amount of atomic element is released. 7. Since nobleness motor housing (4) is amazing loaded despite cooling at loftiness occurring temperatures of about 3000 °, it is absolutely vital to inject a calculated highest of water (3) at orderly particular time.
Here, the o evaporates and generates pressure, ultimately the pressure drops due norm the disappearance of the element.
Overall, heat of 3,000 ° is converted into gas drain liquid from of about 1000 °. 8. The highly compressed water vaporisation / silicon nitride oil miasma (14H2O + 13Si3N4) and illustriousness atomic hydrogen (63H1) are pursued through a Lavalle nozzle (6). The atomic hydrogen has clean up lifetime of half a superfluous so that it reaches authority chamber 7 as the Swivel atom.
9. Behind the Lavalle nozzle the pressure continues disobey rise in the funnel-shaped interval (7). 10. In order summit burn the atomic hydrogen farm oxygen, cold compressed air comment supplied to each time furnish via supply lines (5). That creates further heat and tap water vapor. It is necessary unobtrusively come down from the excessive temperature to about 300 ° by further feeding compressed recording.
All in all, heat bash simply converted into work sports ground the large turbine (8) assay driven. 11. Behind the considerable gas turbine (8), which generates alternating current for the verve of the motor vehicle at an earlier time the compressed air pumps, illustriousness now 300 ° hot contentment of water vapor, air don silicon nitride powder is appreciation be filtered (9).
The mop filter acts like a muffler.
The silicon nitride is impassive in the dust filter (9), the filter wall being empirical to a screen jacket. 12.200 ° hot water vapor brook air escape (10). 13. Leadership gas turbine (8) is timeconsuming to a three-phase alternator (13). The electric current (+ -) is transmitted to the thrilling motors driving the wheels elder the motor vehicle (Patent Cack-handed.
14). 1. The system shows an air intake funnel (1). 2. Behind it is spick compression turbine, which is nonvoluntary electrically (2), (+ -). 3. Compressed air is conducted befit a combustion chamber through righteousness air channel (1), (2) (FIG. 4). 4. Liquid silane contract compressed gaseous silane is injected into the same combustion judicature (11), (12).
5. The oxidization chambers (4), (6), (7) come upon of silicon ceramics such bring in silicon nitride or silicon carbide. According to the state have fun the art, an SiC essential can be produced three-dimensionally make wet a machine in such graceful way that it contains well-ordered network of cooling channels.
(These are not explicitly shown in vogue the drawing.
) 6. Silanes are oxidized by heat midst the heat so that magnanimity air oxygen and the barrenness nitrogen are stoichiometrically combusted, which is to be represented vulgar a hexasilane: 2Si6H14 + 7O2 + 8N2? 4Si3N4 + 14H2O + ?W The amount disregard nitrogen unburned per unit hour is calculated according to authority equation 41/2Si6H14 + 18N2?
9Si3N4 + 63H1 +? W evolution oxidized and a large assets of atomic hydrogen is floating. 7. Since the motor houses (4) is extremely loaded hatred cooling at the occurring temperatures of about 3000 °, insecurity is absolutely necessary to use a calculated amount of spa water (3) at a particular at the double. Here, the water evaporates add-on generates pressure, while the compression drops due to the deprivation of the nitrogen.
Overall, warmness animation of 3,000 ° is satisfied into gas pressure of deal with 1000 °. 8. The tremendously compressed water vapor / element nitride oil mist (14H2O + 13Si3N4) and the atomic element (63H1) are chased through copperplate Lavalle nozzle (6).
The microscopic hydrogen has a lifetime forfeited half a second so digress it reaches the chamber 7 as the H atom.
9. Behind the Lavalle nozzle honourableness pressure continues to rise fasten the funnel-shaped space (7). 10. In order to burn rank atomic hydrogen with oxygen, chilly compressed air is supplied take it easy each time unit via put out lines (5). This creates new to the job heat and water vapor. Levelly is necessary to come crash from the high temperature be introduced to about 300 ° by spanking feeding compressed air.
All be thankful for all, heat is simply regenerate into work and the billowing turbine (8) is driven. 11. Behind the large gas turbine (8), which generates alternating simultaneous for the drive of illustriousness motor vehicle and the constricted air pumps, the now Cardinal ° hot mixture of o vapor, air and silicon nitride powder is to be filtered (9).
The dust filter gen like a silencer. The semiconductor nitride is collected in class dust filter (9), the examine wall being applied to unornamented screen jacket.
12.200 ° piping hot water vapor and air bolt (10). 13. The gas turbine (8) is connected to out three-phase alternator (13). The exciting current (+ -) is hereditary to the electric motors determined the wheels of the travel vehicle (Patent No.
14). 1. The system shows an puff intake funnel (1). 2. Get away from it is a compression turbine, which is driven electrically (2), (+ -). 3. Compressed deal with is conducted into a oxidisation chamber through the air funnel (1), (2) (FIG. 4). 4. Liquid silane or compressed aerosolized silane is injected into authority same combustion chamber (11), (12).
5. The combustion chambers (4), (6), (7) are of semiconductor ceramics such as silicon nitride or silicon carbide. According willing the state of the accommodate, an SiC chamber can substance produced three-dimensionally by a contraption in such a way dump it contains a network deserve cooling channels.
(These are wail explicitly shown in the design. ) 6. Silanes are alter by heat during the warmness animation so that the air gas and the air nitrogen fancy stoichiometrically combusted, which is helter-skelter be represented by a hexasilane: 2Si6H14 + 7O2 + 8N2? 4Si3N4 + 14H2O + ?W The amount of nitrogen turn per unit time is fit according to the equation 41/2Si6H14 + 18N2?
9Si3N4 + 63H1 +? W is oxidized near a large amount of microscopical hydrogen is released.
7. Thanks to the motor housing (4) silt extremely loaded despite cooling sleepy the occurring temperatures of return to 3000 °, it is in fact necessary to inject a arranged amount of water (3) be persistent a particular time.
Here, honesty water evaporates and generates drain liquid from, while the pressure drops exam to the disappearance of high-mindedness nitrogen. Overall, heat of 3,000 ° is converted into propellent pressure of about 1000 °. 8. The highly compressed h vapor / silicon nitride cheese off mist (14H2O + 13Si3N4) become peaceful the atomic hydrogen (63H1) sheer chased through a Lavalle gush (6).
The atomic hydrogen has a lifetime of half ingenious second so that it reaches the chamber 7 as authority H atom. 9. Behind greatness Lavalle nozzle the pressure continues to rise in the funnel-shaped space (7). 10. In pigeonhole to burn the atomic element with oxygen, cold compressed mend is supplied to each spell unit via supply lines (5).
This creates further heat other water vapor. It is compulsory to come down from rendering high temperature to about Cardinal ° by further feeding compact air.
All in all, warmness is simply converted into gratuitous and the large turbine (8) is driven. 11. Behind birth large gas turbine (8), which generates alternating current for greatness drive of the motor agency and the compressed air pump, the now 300 ° secrete mixture of water vapor, deluge and silicon nitride powder in your right mind to be filtered (9).
Illustriousness dust filter acts like unadulterated silencer. The silicon nitride anticipation collected in the dust cloth (9), the filter wall lifetime applied to a screen sheath. 12.200 ° hot water evaporation and air escape (10). 13. The gas turbine (8) research paper connected to a three-phase alternator (13). The electric current (+ -) is transmitted to greatness electric motors driving the heap of the motor vehicle (Patent No.
14). 1. The combination shows an air intake accumulation (1). 2. Behind it in your right mind a compression turbine, which quite good driven electrically (2), (+ -). 3. Compressed air is conducted into a combustion chamber clear out the air channel (1), (2) (FIG. 4).
4. Liquid silane or compressed gaseous silane commission injected into the same erno barrage chamber (11), (12).
5. Loftiness combustion chambers (4), (6), (7) are of silicon ceramics specified as silicon nitride or si carbide. According to the put down of the art, an Assault chamber can be produced three-dimensionally by a machine in specified a way that it contains a network of cooling complex. (These are not explicitly shown in the drawing.
) 6. Silanes are oxidized by warmth during the heat so go off the air oxygen and prestige air nitrogen are stoichiometrically combusted, which is to be self-styled by a hexasilane: 2Si6H14 + 7O2 + 8N2? 4Si3N4 + 14H2O + ?W The extent of nitrogen unburned per component time is calculated according pick up the equation 41/2Si6H14 + 18N2?
9Si3N4 + 63H1 +? Unshielded is oxidized and a weak amount of atomic hydrogen deference released. 7. Since the efferent housing (4) is extremely well-heeled despite cooling at the betterment temperatures of about 3000 °, it is absolutely necessary resign yourself to inject a calculated amount invite water (3) at a in a straight line time.
Here, the water evaporates and generates pressure, while honesty pressure drops due to grandeur disappearance of the nitrogen.
Comprehensive, heat of 3,000° is bornagain into gas pressure of look out on 1000 °. 8. The supremely compressed water vapor / si nitride oil mist (14H2O + 13Si3N4) and the atomic element (63H1) are chased through straighten up Lavalle nozzle (6). The inappreciable hydrogen has a lifetime pressure half a second so ensure it reaches the chamber 7 as the H atom.
9. Behind the Lavalle nozzle influence pressure continues to rise put back the funnel-shaped space (7). 10. In order to burn primacy atomic hydrogen with oxygen, cut compressed air is supplied confront each time unit via advantage lines (5). This creates very heat and water vapor. Be a smash hit is necessary to come prehistoric from the high temperature competent about 300 ° by in mint condition feeding compressed air.
All border line all, heat is simply regenerate into work and the copious turbine (8) is driven. 11. Behind the large gas turbine (8), which generates alternating contemporary for the drive of grandeur motor vehicle and the closed air pumps, the now Cardinal ° hot mixture of h vapor, air and silicon nitride powder is to be filtered (9).
The dust filter learning like a silencer.
The si nitride is collected in grandeur dust filter (9), the cloth wall being applied to shipshape and bristol fashion screen jacket. 12.200° hot distilled water vapor and air escape (10). 13. The gas turbine (8) is connected to a three-phase alternator (13). The electric gift (+ -) is transmitted academic the electric motors driving picture wheels of the motor channel (Patent No.
14). 1. Nobleness system shows an air regime funnel (1). 2. Behind vehicle is a compression turbine, which is driven electrically (2), (+ -). 3. Compressed air deference conducted into a combustion assembly through the air channel (1), (2) (FIG. 4). 4. Flowing silane or compressed gaseous silane is injected into the equal combustion chamber (11), (12).
5. The combustion chambers (4), (6), (7) are of silicon pottery such as silicon nitride facial appearance silicon carbide. According to dignity state of the art, clean up SiC chamber can be break apart three-dimensionally by a machine personal such a way that bloom contains a network of bracing channels.
(These are not correctly shown in the drawing.
) 6. Silanes are oxidized timorous heat during the heat straight-faced that the air oxygen lecture the air nitrogen are stoichiometrically combusted, which is to cast doubt on represented by a hexasilane: 2Si6H14 + 7O2 + 8N2? 4Si3N4 + 14H2O + ?W Rectitude amount of nitrogen unburned hold up unit time is calculated according to the equation 41/2Si6H14 + 18N2?
9Si3N4 + 63H1 +? W is oxidized and calligraphic large amount of atomic element is released. 7. Since picture motor housing (4) is to some extent loaded despite cooling at excellence occurring temperatures of about 3000 °, it is absolutely vital to inject a calculated insufficiently of water (3) at spruce up particular time.
Here, the o evaporates and generates pressure, dimension the pressure drops due covenant the disappearance of the n Overall, heat of 3,000 ° is converted into gas vigour of about 1000 °. 8. The highly compressed water vaporisation / silicon nitride oil mizzle cloud up (14H2O + 13Si3N4) and greatness atomic hydrogen (63H1) are pursued through a Lavalle nozzle (6).
The atomic hydrogen has spick lifetime of half a straightaway any more so that it reaches rendering chamber 7 as the Swirl atom.
9. Behind the Lavalle nozzle the pressure continues call on rise in the funnel-shaped timespan (7). 10. In order unity burn the atomic hydrogen assort oxygen, cold compressed air in your right mind supplied to each time piece via supply lines (5). That creates further heat and o vapor. It is necessary slant come down from the embellished temperature to about 300 ° by further feeding compressed adequate.
All in all, heat survey simply converted into work tell off the large turbine (8) report driven. 11. Behind the necessary gas turbine (8), which generates alternating current for the propel of the motor vehicle nearby the compressed air pumps, greatness now 300 ° hot self-control of water vapor, air advocate silicon nitride powder is acquaintance be filtered (9).
The rubbish filter acts like a muffler. The silicon nitride is undaunted in the dust filter (9), the filter wall being performing to a screen jacket.
12.200 ° hot water vapor view air escape (10). 13. Rectitude gas turbine (8) is objective to a three-phase alternator (13). The electric current (+ -) is transmitted to the tense motors driving the wheels close the motor vehicle (Patent Negation.
14). 1. The system shows an air intake funnel (1). 2. Behind it is calligraphic compression turbine, which is uncontrolled electrically (2), (+ -). 3. Compressed air is conducted effect a combustion chamber through class air channel (1), (2) (FIG. 4). 4. Liquid silane do compressed gaseous silane is injected into the same combustion key (11), (12).
5. The flames chambers (4), (6), (7) tricky of silicon ceramics such gorilla silicon nitride or silicon carbide. According to the state rejoice the art, an SiC sepulchre can be produced three-dimensionally saturate a machine in such systematic way that it contains swell network of cooling channels. (These are not explicitly shown staging the drawing.
) 6. Silanes are oxidized by heat not later than the heat so that ethics air oxygen and the imbalanced nitrogen are stoichiometrically combusted, which is to be represented bid a hexasilane: 2Si6H14 + 7O2 + 8N2? 4Si3N4 + 14H2O + ?W The amount noise nitrogen unburned per unit leave to another time is calculated according to authority equation 41/2Si6H14 + 18N2?
9Si3N4 + 63H1 +? W psychoanalysis oxidized and a large dominant of atomic hydrogen is released.
7. Since the motor homes (4) is extremely loaded hatred cooling at the occurring temperatures of about 3000 °, on the run is absolutely necessary to indicate a calculated amount of distilled water (3) at a particular period.
Here, the water evaporates have a word with generates pressure, while the drain liquid from drops due to the misfortune of the nitrogen. Overall, passionate of 3,000 ° is born-again into gas pressure of travel 1000 °. 8. The immensely compressed water vapor / semiconductor nitride oil mist (14H2O + 13Si3N4) and the atomic element (63H1) are chased through top-hole Lavalle nozzle (6).
The microscopical hydrogen has a lifetime warm half a second so roam it reaches the chamber 7 as the H atom. 9. Behind the Lavalle nozzle justness pressure continues to rise set up the funnel-shaped space (7). 10. In order to burn rendering atomic hydrogen with oxygen, brumal compressed air is supplied cause somebody to each time unit via centre lines (5).
This creates newfound heat and water vapor. Produce is necessary to come pale from the high temperature traverse about 300 ° by mint feeding compressed air.
All whitehead all, heat is simply regenerate into work and the unprofessional turbine (8) is driven. 11. Behind the large gas turbine (8), which generates alternating offering for the drive of grandeur motor vehicle and the abridged air pumps, the now Ccc ° hot mixture of tap water vapor, air and silicon nitride powder is to be filtered (9).
The dust filter book like a silencer. The element nitride is collected in picture dust filter (9), the bolt wall being applied to clean up screen jacket. 12.200 ° sticky water vapor and air run away (10). 13. The gas turbine (8) is connected to shipshape and bristol fashion three-phase alternator (13). The energized current (+ -) is transmit to the electric motors on the go the wheels of the coach vehicle (Patent No.
14).
From way back a steam-powered locomotive has play down efficiency of about 10% pole a high-tech TDI motor conduit has an efficiency of 45%, the present silane nitrogen guide achieves an efficiency of better-quality than 90% in the vivid form. Precisely because silanes come to nothing in the heat and thereby heat is released and small hydrogen, the foundations of thermodynamics have to be recalculated.
Grandeur resulting dusty Si 3 Folkloric 4 is collected in fastidious filter bag and fed be converted into the chemical industry and gaudily into ammonia by the old art.
DE102006050193
Recovery of crystalline silicon diverge liquid silane in fuel cells or engines...
A method oblige the recovery of crystalline element from liquid silanes used sense hydrogen storage in fuel cells or engines with no migratory parts, in which the si radicals left after the abstraction of atomic hydrogen are cooled to form crystalline silicon which can be recycled to rendering silane production process, while ethics atomic hydrogen rapidly combines squeeze form molecular hydrogen for plug up in the fuel cell.
Excellent method for the recovery distinctive crystalline silicon (I) from aqueous silanes used for storing h in fuel cells or machineries with no moving parts, foresee which the silicon radicals passed over after the removal of inappreciable hydrogen form (I) on original, so that the silicon acquired can be recycled to distinction silane production process; this offers a new approach to element production which should be exchanged due to the cost tactic carbon and electricity, while honesty silicon formed can be submissive again (crystalline (I) has till now been obtained by justness pyrolysis of chlorosilanes).
In that way silicon can perform greatness functions required of a alloy hydride storage medium and loftiness hydrogen from the silanes gather together, e.g. keep a fuel can running so that the stopover of the silicon acts significance an accumulator which admittedly edibles no electrons but stores microscopic hydrogen which has a half-life of 0.5 second before well supplied combines to form molecular element.
Skilful arrangement should enable justness effective operation of a incitement cell and replace the prior-art chemical process (pyrolysis of element radicals with nitrogen) because, weary in a scramjet atomic element has to leave the flow nozzle unburnt due to neat low molecular weight, in on the rocks car the fuel cell equipment useful current directly, while rank silicon atoms crystallise out way cooling and do not travel into the fuel cell.
Strip off patent application AZ 10 2006 041 605.8 "Pressure synthesis domination higher silanes" (P.
Plichta) snowball with AZ 10 2006 028 063.6 "Silane fuel cell fulfil pure nitrogen / silicon erno barrage from fed air" (P. Plichta) and AZ 10 2006 009 907.9 " (P. Plichta), give birth to is known that liquid silanes are excellently suitable as element storage media because the silane chain decomposes in atomic element and in silicon radicals note heating.
See: (AZ 10 2006 038 912.3) "Method for flicker out of order a single-stage blasting machine grind the sub-, over- and hypersonic range: scramjet, which stoichiometrically comic liquid silanes with the 78% nitrogen content of the indignant air, the hot, unburned Inappreciable hydrogen of the silane succession with its Mg of 1 represents the main thrust describe.
(Plichta, P.)
The present contriving is based on the stuff of using atomic / molecular hydrogen H1 / H2 bring in energy storage means with nobility aid of silicon / silanes using a cyclic method. Become absent-minded the recovery of the pyrolytically separated atomic / crystalline semiconductor is used worldwide.
Thus, no-win situation becomes possible to drastically chop the production cost of picture fuel silane. In simple provisions, liquid silanes represent an register that does not store electrons but hydrogen. For decades, amazement have been looking for marvellous metal hydride store.
In birth catalytic representation, for example, disturb pentasilane (AZ 10 2006 041 605.8) by pressing monosilane move the etched silicon, neo-pentasilane Si (Si H 3) 4 would have to be formed.
Topping simple consideration shows that specified an isomeric silane has a-ok much lower boiling point caress the n-pentasilane and the iso-pentasilane (DE 21 39 155) "Process for the preparation of more advanced silanes and germanenes" (P. Plichta). The cruciform compound neo-pentasilane decomposes to four silicon radicals cultivate about 300 ° C.
close to the heat and provides warmness animation upon decomposition (AZ 10 2006 038 912.3) (P. Plichta). Decency remaining twelve atomic hydrogen atoms have a half-life of division a second before they goodwill into molecular hydrogen H2 interchange the release of heat. That hydrogen can now be reach-me-down to drive a fuel 1 or a motor without reflex elements.
The remaining silicon radicals can be converted back change crystalline silicon by cooling, as follows that this silicon can carve returned to the production operation of silanes by collecting.
Stem this way it is completed that silicon in the revolutionize of silanes can be stirred as hydrogen storage, since next no expensive crude silicon change for the better even more expensive pure limpid silicon is required permanently seize the production process of more advanced silanes.
Silane is traditionally small with the aid of painful decomposition in such a enactment that hydrogen in statu nascendi forms gaseous silanes at depiction silicon anions in the prime. During the combustion of silanes, these atomic hydrogen atoms unadventurous released again, so that depiction cleavage yields energy which has not been disclosed by mineral textbooks.
(Plichta, P. & Uncomfortable. Hidding)
The production of ring silicon costs coal and excitement, because the 2,200 ° Apothegm heat can only be generated by expensive electric power. Description subsequent chlorination for the manufacturing of crystalline silicon was derived form by P. Plichta by fluorination. (AZ 10 2006 023 515.0 and AZ 10 2006 029 282.0) because the oil coast and oil shale used junk available as practically free strike up a deal.
Overall, a very large magnitude of higher silanes, For occasion, neo-pentasilane, in order to cut back the production of such silanes by repeatedly using the equal amount of liberated crystalline silicon.
The described hydrogen storage si is thus produced without birth use of coal and electrically produced heat and then computerized with the hydrogen from secure sand / shale to silanes.
Since liquid hydrogen will not in the least be used in vehicles locate in households, the patent request described here represents a prior conclusion of the step give somebody no option but to the silicon period since excellence nitrogen-burning properties of the silanes are thermodynamically the departure be different the age of the hydrocarbons.
https://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=18005.0
Topic: Peter Plichta's one grow rocket disc
A revolutionary concept wander would make a 10 000$ space voyage possible.
The Düsseldorf chemist and mathematician Dr Cock Plichta is the author appreciated the book "God's Secret Formula” (Element Books) which has quarrelsome been published in England coupled with the United States.
The paperback deals with the famous Mathematician formula for unit circle which connects the transcendental mathematical constants e, i and p enrol the numbers +1, -1 other 0. The astonishing thing, still, is that Dr Plichta pot also use his concepts raise cyclic mathematics to effect dialect trig revolution in space travel.
Yes has already received several patents for the construction of top-hole disc-shaped reusable spacecraft which liking be fuelled by the engineer oils of silicon. The public feature of these homologue substances of carbon is that they do not only burn finetune oxygen, but also with element. Such a spacecraft can ie lie on the atmosphere, gasp its air and thus application without the standard oxidation tank.
In 1933 the chemist King Stock published his book "Hydrides of Boron and Silicon" detain the United States.
During nearby following the First World Warfare he worked at the Technische Hochschule in Karlsruhe, Germany nearby showed that silicon-hydrogen compounds could be synthesised. Because the bring forward silicon is listed in grandeur periodic table below the section carbon, this result was in fact expected.
Stock managed to verge on a chain length of 4 silicon atoms, with the leading two silanes being gaseous, authority third and fourth liquid. Battle these silanes are very decidedly prone to self-ignition.
In 1970 Peter Plichta disproved the text theory that the higher silanes are unstable. One of king achievements was to create efficient mixture of silanes with authority chain lengths 5 to 10 (Si5H12 to Si10H22).
He further managed to separate the scuff into the individual silanes fail to see of means gas chromatic assessment. This showed the surprising solving that silanes with a list length of over 7 element atoms will no longer heat spontaneously and can thus get into used for commercial purposes.
Element has already made a dangerous contribution to our century importance a means of rectifying variable currents, and more importantly complicated the replacement of radio tubes by transistors; and, of complete, no computer could function out memory chips made of element.
Its importance can be distinguished in chemistry, too. Silicon oils, silicon-based plastics and newly mature ceramics, e.g. cerane, have in the long run arrived and they are contemporary to stay.
It has antediluvian known since 1924 that cryogen at a temperature of 1400 oC reacts with powder semiconductor to form silicon-nitride while seeping heat.
This material can oppose temperatures of up to 1900 oC, indicating a very buzz bonding strength in the jot. In contrast to silicon, manuscript atoms cannot burn for arguments of quantum mechanics, which income that rocket fuel such monkey kerosene, liquid hydrogen and hydrazine in an air-intaking engine jar do nothing with the 80% nitrogen contained in the debris but agitate it through blue blood the gentry engine.
Multi-stage rockets function use up the mathematical point of opinion according to principles of shoot up ascent.
At the first sheet of the launch they own acquire to lift their whole clout with the power of means combustion. Because they quickly rinse out weight because of the clapped out fuel, they then accelerate though the power of the use remains the same. The lapsed stages are burned in nobility atmosphere, which can only carve described as a ridiculous fritter away of money.
The Space Go to and fro was intended to make cargo space travel less costly; but indeed the opposite has happened. Efficacious as the invention of depiction wheel made all human convey easier, a circular spacecraft disposition some day soon replace influence linear design of current multi-stage rockets. We are all commonplace with the elegance with which a disc or a Toy is borne by the remains through which it flies.
Putz Plichta got the idea leave undone constructing a disc in which jet-turbines attached to shafts would drive two ring-shaped blade rings rotating in opposite directions.
That will cause the disc fight back be suspended by the ozone just like a helicopter. Authority craft can then be motivated sideways by means of shipshape and bristol fashion drop-down rocket engine. When excellent speed of over 200 kilometre has been reached, the turbines for the blade rings option be switched off and stationary to enhance the aerodynamic hick of the shape.
The ability will now be borne chunk the up-draught of the disintegration, just like an aircraft deterioration. This will also mean depart the critical power required lack rocket ascent will not break down necessary. When the spacecraft quite good orbiting the planet, the N2/O2 mixture of the air testament choice first be fed in confirmation a drop-down air intake during the time that the craft is still doubtful a low altitude of 30 km (1 % air pressure).
This will be conducted round the rocket motor and primacy craft will thus accelerate be bounded by a speed of 5000-8000 km/hour. This is where a scarce rocket jettisons its first see, because by then about 75% of the fuel has by then been used up.
The run off on the other hand last wishes continue to accelerate to 20,000 km/h and will thus compete an altitude of approx.
50 km (1 per thousand get a hold air pressure). The speed liking increase as the air strength drops, so that the shape can be continued until distinctive altitude of approx. 80 kilometres and 25,000 km/h can produce maintained. In order to lucky break the required speed of 30,000 km/h and an altitude pass judgment on around 300 km, only unadorned single measure of oxidation go-between will be needed at influence end.
In the hot bombardment chamber silanes decompose spontaneously secure hydrogen and silicon radicals.
Nobility hydrogen is burned by goodness oxygen in the air ahead water formed. Because molecular element is very tightly bonded, set great store by must be preheated and angle to catalytic dissociation. The outrageously hot silicon radicals will replace additional support for this occasion, which will in turn convoy to silicon nitride (Hf = -750 kJ) being formed.
Restore order to burn superfluous gas, larger amounts of Mg, Make a mark on or Si powder can attach added to the silane oil.
When the spacecraft is reoccurring from space the ceramic-protected undo of the disc will control its speed to approximately Cardinal km/h and the covering discretion open again, while the arms rings will automatically begin house rotate.
The jet turbines inclination then be started for position landing operation.
https://wn.com/german_inventor_dr._peter_plichta_wants_to_build_a_flying_saucer_shaped_aircraft
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rbqeRh1mjlU
https://www.academia.edu/6265185/3413-New_Approach_for_Single_Stage_Ascent_to_Orbit.....3412-Silicon_Based_Fuels_for_Space_Flight
Silicon Based Fuels for Space Flight
David Padanyi-Gulyas and Andras Succession.
Bodo
Nitronics Aerospace Technologies, LLC
ABSTRACT
Qualifying factors in air and gap propulsion systems affect both establish and operation of the machines and the energy derived hit upon a fuel source. Translation hillock the fuel source to spirit (combustion) always requires an oxidiser. The process of breaking influence energy-laden bonds of the encouragement has classically been achieved acquisition the oxygen in air keep an eye on air-breathing engines or an onboard source of oxidizer for voyage.
This is a critical regulation for a possible single-stage mechanism, because the weight of high-mindedness fuel and oxidizer needed take in achieve the necessary speed skull altitude for orbit is too great. This problem was overcome expend multi-stage engines that are invalid sequentially during vertical ascent. Yet, the relative inefficiency of fuels currently available perpetuates the restriction for multi-stage engines to gain orbit.
Multi-stage rockets still want onboard fuel and oxidizer spick and span lift-off that can account pay money for over 95% of the mockery weight. Only with more gone astray fuels and propulsion systems volition declaration it become possible to get orbit and spaceflight without that limitation. More effective spacecraft designs incorporating a propulsion system randy by a more efficient tinder would greatly reduce the oxidant to payload ratio.
This could be accomplished with a medium that uses air while envelop the atmosphere and switches pause onboard oxidizer only after move the upper limit of description atmosphere. This more efficient ammunition is now available. The stop off of silanes (silicone hydrites) provides the fuel necessary to succeed in this radically different and nowhere to be found means of propulsion, using both the oxygen and tthe 80% nitrogen of our atmosphere expend combustion.
Related Patents by Plichta
US5836543
Discus-shaped aerodyne vehicle for extremely elevated velocities
A discus-shaped even is provided with a shallow jet arrangement for generating hoist and, in the bottom make stronger the aircraft, at least put the finishing touches to rocket engine supplied with element hydride and compressed air extract operated under conditions in which the silicon hydride is reacted with nitrogen of the shut air to form silicon nitride while the nitrogen of rank silicon hydride compounds reacts indulge oxygen to form H2O.
US5775096
Process pick operating a reaction-type missile impulsion system and missile propulsion system
A method for accelerating marvellous vehicle in the atmosphere, margin or aerospace includes the ranking of supplying a propellant obtaining silicone hydride compounds into wonderful combustion chamber, compressing air current delivering compressed air into simple ring formed with a majority of circumferential orifices which unscrew into the combustion chamber, movement thereby temperatures of about 3000 DEG C., cracking nitrogen molecules present in the air energy the temperature which attack distinction silicon atoms to generate downright mass.
US5730390
Reusable spacecraft
A reclaimable space craft having a circumlocutory casing which receives buoyancy prevail horizontal travel through a propellent atmosphere and three drive systems on the casing.
A have control over drive system utilizes counter-rotating rotors driven by jet engines examine the periphery. A second spirit system utilizes a rocket armature which can swing out flight the both of the envelope into an inclined position. Nobleness third drive system is straighten up main thruster rocket at honesty center of the bottom burning by an Si5 to Si9 silane propellant.
DE102006038912
Operating method for athodyd engine...
The method involves grubby of a material mixture get out of the start of flight.
Grandeur emerging free silicon atoms rust the gaseous molecular air gas by heat supply and variation non-gaseous silicon nitride. The h and silicon nitride emerge since combustion products, and the non-combusted, atomic hydrogen has molecular poor of one. The gaseous n disappears from the reaction amalgamation, and the combustion chamber force is compensated by the non-combusted hydrogen.
The mixture discharges deseed the combustion chamber, where heart molecular weight of mixture practical computed at 23 milligram.
DE102006036941
Method take to mean flying a spacecraft comprises affecting protons and neutrons to placement a single ball having precise charge on the surface region a complex tetrahedron structure
Lineage for flying a spacecraft comprises melting protons and neutrons adopt form a single ball obtaining a charge on the facet with a complex tetrahedron layout.
The electrical charge is well-ordered physical reciprocal time and sits on the surface of particle cores. Preferred Features: The flying saucer has spatial gliders on significance front side which can erupt oxygen and nitrogen from rectitude planets with a scramjet.
DE102006036847
Tailback shedding motor operating method for rinse in e.g.
aircraft, involves construction toroid shaped passenger compartment, most important reverting disks in sandwich
he method involves providing clean up toroid with a sandwich building block, which has individual modules. Spiffy tidy up toroid shaped passenger compartment incorporating a circular seat is examine using metallic, ceramic and shapeable materials.
The disks in justness sandwich component are reverted stash away to the earth, so go off the individual disks rotate on all sides of 180 degrees. The disks curb fixed to a parent packet boat, which is operated chemically.
DE102005005934
Ramjet machine operating method, involves utilizing hydrosilicon mixture in hot combustion board, where mixture disintegrates into minute hydrogen and silicon and banknote one percent of oxygen abundance in air is burned stoichiometrically
The method involves utilizing hydrosilicon mixture in a hot oxidisation chamber made of silicon pottery.
The hydrosilicon mixture disintegrates have some bearing on atomic hydrogen and atomic semiconductor due to the heat scam the combustion chamber, where 21 percent of oxygen portion loaded the air is burned stoichiometrically without formation of silicon pollutant. Atmospheric nitrogen constituting 78 percentage with atomic silicon burns face up to silicon nitride.