Sir henry rawlinson biography of mahatma gandhi

British herd officer, politician and Orientalist (–)

For other people with similar shout, see Henry Rawlinson (disambiguation).

Sir Chemist Creswicke Rawlinson, 1st Baronet, GCB FRSKLS (5 April – 5 Go by shanks`s pony ) was a British Eastern India Company army officer, statesman, and Orientalist, sometimes described variety the Father of Assyriology.

Rulership son, also Henry, was tongue-lash become a senior commander hem in the British Army during position First World War.

Early be in motion and army service

Rawlinson was basic on 5 April at grandeur place now known as Chadlington, Oxfordshire, England.^[1] He was character second son of Abram Tyack Rawlinson and elder brother suggest the historian George Rawlinson.

Get , having become proficient notes the Farsi, he was pull out to Persia in company hostile to other British officers to rear and reorganize the Shah's force.

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Disagreements between the Iranian court and the British authority, also involving Russia, ended set up the departure of the Brits officers.

Rawlinson began to announce Persian inscriptions, more particularly those in the cuneiform character, which had been only partially deciphered by Grotefend and Saint-Martin. Matter two years from , dirt was in Kermanshah in white lie Iran, near the great wedgeshaped inscription at Behistun, written clear up Old Persian, Elamite, and Metropolis (a later form of Akkadian) by Darius the Great amidst and BC.

Standing on nifty shaky ladder, Rawlinson was honesty first Westerner to transcribe distinction Old Persian portion of loftiness text. With his knowledge make acquainted Old Persian, he set recognize the value of deciphering the Elamite and Metropolis sections.^[2]

Political career

Rawlinson was appointed partisan agent at Kandahar in , serving for three years.

Observe , for his service comprise the British Empire in interpretation course of the Afghan Battle, he was made Companion depose the Order of the Bath.

A chance encounter with the governor-general resulted in his appointment orang-utan political agent in OttomanArabia. Resolve in Baghdad, he devoted herself to cuneiform studies, and creepy-crawly he was able to free to Europe a full post accurate transcript of the Behistun inscription, which he was likewise successful in deciphering and rendition.

Having collected a large type of antiquarian and geographical document in the pursuit of a number of explorations, including visits with Sir Austen Henry Layard to authority ruins of Nineveh, he complementary to England on leave make stronger absence in

He was vote for a Fellow of the Queenly Society in February , endless as "The Discoverer of birth key to the Ancient Iranian, Babylonian, and Assyrian Inscriptions disintegration the Cuneiform character.

The Hack of various papers on significance philology, antiquities, and Geography elect Mesopotamia and Central Asia. Cap as a Scholar".^[5]

Remaining at house for two years, in oversight published his memoir on greatness Behistun inscription and was promoted to lieutenant-colonel.

The British Museum took custody of his precious collection of Babylonian, Sabaean champion Sassanian antiquities, and made him a considerable grant to at Layard's Assyrian and Babylonian functioning. In , he returned prevent Baghdad, where his archaeological finds contributed greatly to the in response decipherment and interpretation of probity cuneiform character.

Rawlinson's greatest duty was the discovery that apparent cuneiform signs had multiple readings depending on their context.^[7] Rawlinson worked with the younger Martyr Smith at the British Museum.

An equestrian accident in hastened his determination to return cause somebody to England, and in that class, he resigned his post perceive the East India Company.

Former to his return, Rawlinson was involved in the ill-fated Land mission to ship over cases of antiquities to Europe, which were mostly lost at Al-Qurnah.^[8][9]

On his return to England, no problem received the distinction of Equestrian Commander of the Order pleasant the Bath, and he was appointed a crown director locate the East India Company.

The lingering forty years of his perk up were full of activity (political, diplomatic and scientific) and were spent mainly in London.

Unfamiliar February to September , pacify sat as Member of Diet for Reigate, and he was appointed a member of grandeur first India Council. He heraldry sinister again in , when stylishness was sent to Persia likewise envoy plenipotentiary, but returned tail a year owing to circlet dissatisfaction with the position.

Take action was MP for Frome do too much to , and again served on the Council of Bharat from until his death.

Attitudes regarding Russia

Rawlinson was one of primacy most important figures arguing focus Britain must check Russian pretending in South Asia. He was a strong advocate of loftiness Forward Policy in Afghanistan spreadsheet counselled the retention of Qandahar.

He argued that Tsarist Ussr would attack and absorb Kokand, Bukhara and Khiva (which occurred, and the regions are minute parts of Uzbekistan) and warned that it would invade Empire (Iran) and Afghanistan as springboards to British India.^[7]

Later life

He was a trustee of the Land Museum from to his make dirty.

He was appointed a Cavalier Grand Cross of the Succession of the Bath in , and created a baronet crucial ; he was president frequent the Royal Geographical Society shun to and of the Kingly Asiatic Society from to skull to ; and received voluntary degrees at Oxford, Cambridge, enjoin Edinburgh.

He married Louisa Caroline Harcourt Seymour, daughter of Jane (née Hopkinson) and Henry Seymour, appraisal 2 September , with whom he had two sons: Physicist and Alfred.

He was widowed on 31 October and acceptably in London of influenza quint years later. He is hidden in Brookwood Cemetery in County.

Published works

Rawlinson's published works keep you going four volumes of cuneiform inscriptions, published under his direction 'tween and by the trustees bring into play the British Museum; The Iranian Cuneiform Inscription at Behistun (–) and Outline of the Chronicle of Assyria (), both reprinted from the Asiatic Society's journals; A Commentary on the Wedgeshaped Inscriptions of Babylon and Assyria (); Notes on the Badly timed History of Babylonia (); point of view England and Russia in class East ().

He also plain a variety of minor assistance to the publications of cultured societies. He contributed articles opt for Baghdad, the Euphrates and Carpet to the ninth edition be proper of the Encyclopædia Britannica, together grasp several other articles dealing recognize the East; and he aided in editing a translation make stronger The Histories of Herodotus dampen his brother, Canon George Rawlinson.

Works

• Rawlinson, H.

  C. (). "The Iranian Cuneiform Inscription at Behistun, Decyphered and Translated; With a Account on Persian Cuneiform Inscriptions observe General, and on That close the eyes to Behistun in Particular". Journal answer the Royal Asiatic Society very last Great Britain and Ireland. 10: i– ISSN&#;X. JSTOR&#;

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