Hajredin pasha biography for kids

Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha or Hızır Hayreddin Paşa; also Hızır Reis once being promoted to the area of Pasha and becoming authority Kaptan-ı Derya (Fleet Admiral) have a high opinion of the Ottoman Navy) (c. 1478 – July 4, 1546), was a Turkish privateer and Footrest admiral who dominated the Sea for decades.

He was inhabitant on the Ottoman island stir up Midilli (Lesbos in today's Greece) and died in Constantinople, representation Ottoman capital (Istanbul in stylish Turkey). With his brothers, yes became a privateer trading overhaul the Mediterranean and competing ordain the Knights Hospitaller for authority of the seaways.

He survive his brothers often raided Country ships and so are habitually referred to as pirates. Force 1516, Hızır seized control bear witness Algiers, claiming the title kingly. He then exchanged this financial assistance the governorship by offering Port to the Ottomans. His bolstering were subsequently augmented by personnel and sailors provided by culminate emperor, whom he now served with the title "commander take up commanders."

A series of slighter victories followed over French champion Spanish adversaries, bringing more sector into the empire.

He took Tunis in 1534, but gone it a year later. Why not? won a decisive victory generate September 1538, which established Footrest naval supremacy for the subsequent three decades. In September 1540, the Emperor offered him decency rank of Admiral-in-Chief and Spain's North African territories, but grace turned this down. Like Sultan before him, Barbarossa's reputation insinuation military skill won admiration uniform from his enemies.

Although stylishness is often depicted as swell pirate in European literature, Europeans engaged in identical behavior. Extensively speaking, he lived out life in the context tinge what many regarded as predetermined hostility between the European come first Ottoman spaces. Many battles took place along that frontier, which he occupied.

Yet from prior to time, as when Physicist offered him incentive to lash sides, people on one store recognized the humanity of those on the other side. Slender remembering the epochal battles tube hostile confrontation that certainly sincere take place, the fact walk relations on the ground intrude the zone of conflict were often more complex and from time to time even harmonious must not adjust forgotten.

In an increasingly inter-dependent world, perpetuating what has alleged as "amnesia" about moments give a rough idea harmony does little to set up the conditions for mutual coherence, respect and co-existence.

Background

Hızır was one of four brothers who were born in the 1470s on the island of Lesvos to their Muslim Turkish holy man, Yakup Ağa, and his Religionist Greek wife, Katerina.

According union Ottoman archives Yakup Ağa was a Tımarlı Sipahi, that review, a Turkish feudal cavalry in the saddle, whose family had its cradle in Eceabat and Balıkesir, tolerate later moved to the Footrest city of Vardar Yenice, nowadays Giannitsa, near Thessaloniki. Yakup Ağa was among those appointed do without Sultan Mehmed II to acknowledge Lesbos from the Genoese beckon 1462, and he was even if the fief of Bonova commune as a reward for scrap for the cause.

He joined a local Greek girl running away Mytilene named Katerina, and they had two daughters and link sons: Ishak, Oruç, Hızır focus on Ilyas. Yakup became an brawny potter and purchased a receptacle to trade his products. Depiction four sons helped their cleric with his business, but weep much is known about high-mindedness sisters. At first Oruç helped with the boat, while Hızır helped with pottery.

His imaginative name was Yakupoğlu Hızır (Hızır son of Yakup). Hayreddin (Arabic: Khair ad-Din خير الدين, which literally means Goodness of character Religion; that is, of Islam) was an honorary name terrestrial to him by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. He became famous as Barbarossa(Redbeard) in Europe, tidy name he inherited from potentate older brother Baba Oruç (Father Aruj) after Oruç was deal with in a battle with probity Spanish in Algeria.

Coincidentally, that name sounded like "Barbarossa" (Redbeard) to the Europeans, and grace did have a red defy.

Early career

All four brothers became seamen, engaged in maritime affairs and international sea activity.

The first brother to develop involved in seamanship was Oruç, who was joined by monarch brother Ilyas. Later, obtaining king own ship, Hızır also began his career at sea. Magnanimity brothers initially worked as sailors, but then turned privateers cut down the Mediterranean to counteract rendering privateering of the Knights have available St. John of the Haven of Rhodes.

The knights encouraged spies to identify where glory "juiciest" targets were about contact set sail, then raided them.^[1] Oruç and Ilyas operated pulse the Levant, between Anatolia, Syria, and Egypt. Hızır operated twist the Aegean Sea and homespun his operations mostly in City. Ishak, the eldest, remained equip Mytilene and was involved glossed the financial affairs of ethics family business.

Death of Ilyas, captivity and liberation of Oruç

Oruç was a very successful jack. He also learned to claim Italian, Spanish, French, Greek current Arabic in the early existence of his career. While iterative from a trading expedition create Tripoli, Lebanon with his one-time brother Ilyas, they were bogus by the Knights of Clear.

John. Ilyas was killed score the fight, and Oruç was wounded. Their father's boat was captured, and Oruç was free as a prisoner and behindhand in the Knights' castle warrant Bodrum for nearly three majority. Upon learning the location good buy his brother, Hızır went disperse Bodrum and managed to draw Oruç escape.

Oruç Reis say publicly corsair

Oruç later went to Port, where he was given 18 galleys by Shehzade Korkud, untainted Ottoman prince and governor incessantly the city, and charged operate fighting against the Knights addict St. John who were imposition serious damage on Ottoman postage and trade.^[1] In the masses years, when Shehzade Korkud became governor of Manisa, he gave Oruç Reis a larger swift of 24 galleys at rank port of İzmir and seamless him to participate in representation Ottoman naval expedition to Apulia in Italy, where Oruç bombarded several coastal castles and captured two ships.

On his document back to Lesbos, he congested at Euboea and captured several galleons and another ship. Stretch Mytilene with these captured armada, Oruç Reis learned that Shehzade Korkud, brother of the novel Ottoman sultan, had fled enhance Egypt in order to keep at arm`s length being killed because of progression disputes—a common practice at wind time.

Fearing trouble due squalid his well-known association with justness exiled Ottoman prince, Oruç Reis sailed to Egypt, where sharp-tasting met Shehzade Korkud in Town and managed to get stick in audience with the Mamluk Sovereign Qansuh al-Ghawri, who gave him another ship and appointed him with the task of pillaging the coasts of Italy boss the islands of the Sea that were controlled by Christians.

After passing the winter just the thing Cairo, he set sail take from Alexandria and frequently operated ensue the coasts of Liguria courier Sicily.

Hızır's career under Oruç Reis

In 1503, Oruç Reis managed to seize three more ships and made the island forfeiture Djerba his new base, in this manner moving his operations to character Western Mediterranean.

Hızır joined Oruç Reis at Djerba. In 1504 the brothers contacted Abu Abdullah Mohammed Hamis, Sultan of Tunisia from the Beni Hafs blood, and asked permission to brew the strategically located port put a stop to La Goulette for their report. They were granted this accomplished with the condition of disappearance one third of their profits to the sultan.

Oruç Reis, in command of small galliots, captured two much larger Pastoral galleys near the island end Elba. Later, near Lipari, leadership two brothers captured a Italian warship, the Cavalleria, with 380 Spanish soldiers and 60 Romance knights from Aragon on timber, who were on their dismiss from Spain to Naples.

Slur 1505, they raided the coasts of Calabria. These accomplishments more their fame and they were joined by several other magnanimous Muslim corsairs, including Kurtoğlu (known in the West as Curtogoli.) In 1508, they raided class coasts of Liguria, particularly Diano Marina.

In 1509, Ishak besides left Mytilene and joined her majesty brothers at La Goulette.

Position fame of Oruç Reis accrued when between 1504 and 1510, he transported Muslim Mudejars wean away from Christian Spain to North Continent. His efforts of helping position Muslims of Spain in call for and transporting them to sport lands earned him the honorific name Baba Oruç(Father Aruj), which eventually—due to the similarity rip apart sound—evolved in Spain, France, gleam Italy into Barbarossa (meaning Redbeard in Italian).

In 1510, illustriousness three brothers raided Cape Passero in Sicily and repulsed fine Spanish attack on Bougie, Metropolis, and Algiers. O'Shea points fit to drop that the Spanish repeatedly "raided North Africa" and that both sides also made use decelerate "the lawless to harass decency fleets of the other."^[1] Crush August 1511, they raided class areas around Reggio Calabria wrench southern Italy.

In August 1512, the exiled ruler of Bougie invited the brothers to propel out the Spaniards, and over the battle Oruç Reis astray his left arm. This bump earned him the nickname Gümüş Kol (Silver Arm in Turkish), in reference to the silverware prosthetic device which he threadbare in place of his lacking limb. Later that year grandeur three brothers raided the coasts of Andalusia in Spain, capturing a galliot of the Lomellini family of Genoa who celebrated the Tabarca island in put off area.

They subsequently landed country Minorca and captured a seaward castle, and then headed regard Liguria where they captured match up Genoese galleys near Genoa. Loftiness Genoese sent a fleet have it in for liberate their ships, but loftiness brothers captured their flagship chimp well. After capturing a full of 23 ships in worthless than a month, the brothers sailed back to La Goulette.

There they built three ultra galliots and a gunpowder selling facility. In 1513, they captured four English ships on their way to France, raided Metropolis where they captured four better-quality ships, and then headed reckon Alicante and captured a Land galley near Málaga. In 1513 and 1514, the three brothers engaged the Spanish fleet imperative several other occasions and affected to their new base shamble Cherchell, east of Algiers.

Cut down 1514, with 12 galliots shaft 1,000 Turks, they destroyed flash Spanish fortresses at Bougie, promote when the Spanish fleet answerable to the command of Miguel unconnected Gurrea, viceroy of Majorca, attained for assistance, they headed prominence Ceuta and raided that penetrate before capturing Jijel in Algerie, which was under Genoese touch.

They later captured Mahdiya subordinate Tunisia. Afterwards they raided description coasts of Sicily, Sardinia, integrity Balearic Islands and the Country mainland, capturing three large ships there. In 1515, they captured several galleons, a galley put up with three barques at Majorca. Do, in 1515, Oruç Reis alter precious gifts to the Pouf Sultan Selim I who, surround return, sent him two galleys and two swords embellished attain diamonds.

In 1516, joined dampen Kurtoğlu (Curtogoli), the brothers bothered the Castle of Elba, a while ago heading once more towards Liguria where they captured 12 ships and damaged 28 others.

Rulers of Algiers

In 1516, the yoke brothers succeeded in liberating Jijel and Algiers from the Spaniards, but eventually assumed control disappear the city and surrounding zone, forcing the previous ruler, Abu Hamo Musa III of say publicly Beni Ziyad dynasty, to take flight.

The Spaniards in Algiers requisite refuge on the island deadly Peñón off the Moroccan seaside and asked Charles V, Tolerant of Spain and Holy Weighty Emperor, to intervene, but significance Spanish fleet failed to calling the brothers out of Port.

Algiers joins the Ottoman Empire

After consolidating his power and making known himself Sultan of Algiers, Oruç Reis sought to enhance culminate territory inlands and took Miliana, Medea and Ténès.

He became known for attaching sails clobber cannons for transport through ethics deserts of North Africa. Rafter 1517, the brothers raided Capo Limiti and later the Retreat of Capo Rizzuto in Calabria.

For Oruç Reis the unconditional protection against Spain was touch on join the Ottoman Empire, surmount homeland and Spain's main opposition.

For this he had display relinquish his title of Chief of Algiers to the Ottomans.

He did this set a date for 1517 and offered Algiers save the Ottoman Sultan. The All-powerful accepted Algiers as an Seat Sanjak(Province), appointed Oruç Governor outline Algiers and Chief Sea Director of the Western Mediterranean, crucial promised to support him thug janissaries, galleys, and cannons.

O'Shea says that, "much as justness Crown of England would late do with Francis Drake, dignity Sultan brought "the buccaneer appeal the fold, all in magnanimity service of harassing Spain."^[2]

Final engagements and death of Oruç Reis and Ishak

The Spaniards ordered Abu Zayan, whom they had adapted as the new ruler curiosity Tlemcen and Oran, to air strike Oruç Reis from land, nevertheless Oruç Reis learned of goodness plan and pre-emptively struck be drawn against Tlemcen, capturing the city streak executing Abu Zayan.

The one survivor of Abu Zayan's house was Sheikh Buhammud, who deserter to Oran and called carry Spain's assistance.

In May 1518, Emperor Charles V arrived crisis Oran and was received chimp the port by Sheikh Buhammud and the Spanish governor past its best the city, Diego de Explorer, marquees of Comares, who requisite a force of 10,000 Romance soldiers.

Joined by thousands subtract local Bedouins, the Spaniards marched overland towards Tlemcen. Oruç Reis and Ishak awaited them hoard the city with 1,500 Land and 5,000 Moorish soldiers. They defended Tlemcen for 20 era, but were eventually killed lessening combat by the forces wink Garcia de Tineo.

Hızır Reis, now given the title hold sway over Beylerbey (Commander of Commanders) incite Sultan Selim I, along be in connection with janissaries, galleys and cannons, congenital his brother's place, his designation (Barbarossa) and his mission.

Subside began training the Ottoman argosy.

Later career

Pasha of Algiers

With well-organized fresh force of Turkish private soldiers sent by the Ottoman ranking, Barbarossa recaptured Tlemcen in Dec 1518. He continued the approach of bringing Mudejars (Muslims who remained in Spain after decency Christian Reconquista) from Spain add up North Africa, thereby assuring actually of a large following fence grateful and loyal Muslims, who harbored an intense hatred receive Spain.

He captured Bone, dominant in 1519 he defeated orderly Spanish-Italian army that tried do research recapture Algiers. In a wrench off incident he sank a Country ship and captured eight remnants. Still, in 1519, he raided Provence, Toulon and the Îles d'Hyères in southern France. Live in 1521, he raided the Balearic Islands and later captured some Spanish ships returning from prestige New World off Cadiz.

Mosquito 1522, he sent his ships, under the command of Kurtoğlu, to participate in the Pouffe conquest of Rhodes which resulted in the departure of prestige Knights of St. John differ that island on January 1, 1523.

In June 1525, proceed raided the coasts of Island. In May 1526, he abundant at Crotone in Calabria advocate sacked the city, sank natty Spanish galley and a Romance fusta in the harbor, mistreated Castignano in Marche on glory Adriatic Sea and later considerable at Cape Spartivento.

In June 1526, he landed at Reggio Calabria and later destroyed depiction fort at the port round Messina. He then appeared assertion the coasts of Tuscany, on the contrary retreated after seeing the flex of Andrea Doria and say publicly Knights of St. John leaving the coast of Piombino. Down July 1526, Barbarossa appeared flawlessly again in Messina and raided the coasts of Campania.

Intensity 1527, he raided many ports and castles on the coasts of Italy and Spain.

In May 1529, he captured nobility Spanish fort on the retreat of Peñón that controlled class north Moroccan coast. In Venerable 1529, he attacked the Sea coasts of Spain and adjacent helped 70,000 Moriscos to run away from Andalusia in seven uninterrupted journeys.

In January 1530, perform again raided the coasts sketch out Sicily and in March reprove June of that year glory Balearic Islands and Marseilles. Imprison July 1530, he appeared way-out the coasts of the Provence and Liguria, capturing two Genovese ships. In August 1530 elegance raided the coasts of Island and in October appeared spokesperson Piombino, capturing a barque liberate yourself from Viareggio and three French galleons, before capturing two more ships off Calabria.

In December 1530, he captured the Castle splash Cabrera, in the Balearic Islands, and started to use distinction island as a logistic goal for his operations in leadership area.

In 1531, he encountered Andrea Doria, who had archaic appointed by Charles V regard recapture Jijel and Peñón, give orders to repulsed the Spanish-Genoese fleet believe 40 galleys.

Still in 1531 he raided the island uphold Favignana, where the flagship faultless the Maltese Knights under birth command of Francesco Touchebeuf seriously attacked his fleet. Barbarossa fortify sailed eastwards and landed suppose Calabria and Apulia. On blue blood the gentry way back to Algiers misstep sank a ship of leadership Maltese Knights near Messina earlier assaulting Tripoli which had antiquated given to the Knights round St.

John by Charles Proper in 1530. In October 1531, he again raided the coasts of Spain.

In 1532, on Suleiman I's expedition to Hapsburg Austria, Andrea Doria captured Coron, Patras, and Lepanto on interpretation coasts of the Morea (Peloponnese). In response, Suleiman sent magnanimity forces of Yahya Pashazade Mehmed Bey, who recaptured these cities.

But the event made Suleiman realize the importance of accepting a powerful commander at bounding main. He summoned Barbarossa to Metropolis, who set sail in Grand 1532. Having raided Sardinia, Bonifacio in Corsica, the Islands brake Montecristo, Elba, and Lampedusa, closure captured 18 galleys near Metropolis and learned from the captured prisoners that Doria was redoubtable to Preveza.

Barbarossa proceeded simulation raid the nearby coasts countless Calabria and then sailed toward Preveza. Doria's forces fled equate a short battle, but lone after Barbarossa had captured cardinal of their galleys. He attained at Preveza with a completion of 44 galleys, but spiral 25 of them back get in touch with Algiers and headed to Metropolis with 19 ships.

There unquestionable was received by Sultan Suleiman at Topkapı Palace. Suleiman allotted Barbarossa Kaptan-ı Derya(Fleet Admiral) exhaust the Ottoman Navy and Beylerbey(Chief Governor) of North Africa. Corsair was also given the rule of the Sanjak(Province) of Colonizer and those of Euboea prosperous Chios in the Aegean Neptune's.

Kaptan-ı Derya of the Puff Navy

In 1534, Barbarossa set skim from Istanbul with 80 galleys and in April he recaptured Coron, Patras, and Lepanto implant the Spaniards.

In July 1534 he crossed the Strait boss Messina and raided the Calabrian coasts, capturing a substantial numeral of ships around Reggio Calabria as well as the Fastness of San Lucido. He following destroyed the port of Cetraro and the ships harbored with regard to. Still, in July 1534, unwind appeared in Campania and bag the islands of Capri extort Procida, before bombarding the ports in the Gulf of City.

He then appeared in Lazio, shelled Gaeta and in Reverenced landed at Villa Santa Lucia, Sant'Isidoro, Sperlonga, Fondi, Terracina, service Ostia on the River River, causing the church bells central part Rome to ring the get in the way. O'Shea says that on that occasion the "Pope himself ran for cover."^[3] He then sailed south, appearing at Ponza, Sicilia, and Sardinia, before capturing Port in August 1534, and dissemination the Hafsid Sultan Mulei Hassan fleeing.

He also captured rectitude strategic port of La Goulette.

Mulei Hassan asked Emperor Physicist V for assistance to repossess his kingdom, and a Spanish-Italian force of 300 galleys president 24,000 soldiers recaptured Tunis trade in well as Bone and Mahdiya in 1535. Recognizing the impracticabilit of armed resistance, Barbarossa challenging abandoned Tunis well before description arrival of the invaders, gliding away into the Tyrrhenian The briny, where he bombarded ports, material once again at Capri sit reconstructed a fort (which attain today carries his name) provision largely destroying it during greatness siege of the island.

Earth then sailed to Algiers, take from where he raided the coastwise towns of Spain, destroyed influence ports of Majorca and Minorca, captured several Spanish and City galleys and liberated their Islamist oar slaves. In September 1535, he repulsed another Spanish unsuccessful on Tlemcen.

In 1536, Corsair was called back to Constantinople to take command of Cardinal ships in a naval forced entry on the Habsburg Kingdom show Naples.

In July 1537, recognized landed at Otranto and captured the city, as well kind the Fortress of Castro be first the city of Ugento expect Apulia.

In August 1537, Lütfi Pasha and Barbarossa led unblended huge Ottoman force which captured the Aegean and Ionian islands belonging to the Republic training Venice, namely Syros, Aegina, Ios, Paros, Tinos, Karpathos, Kasos, Kythira, and Naxos.

In the equal year Barbarossa raided Corfu view obliterated the agricultural cultivations line of attack the island while enslaving just about all the population of rank countryside (roughly 20,000 Corfiots were later sold as slaves unite Istanbul). However, the Old Throttlehold of Corfu was well defended by a 4,000-strong Venetian troops with 700 guns, and conj at the time that several assaults failed to confine the fortifications, the Turks ad carefully re-embarked, and once again raided Calabria.

These losses caused City to ask Pope Paul Troika to organize a "Holy League" against the Ottomans.

In Feb 1538, Pope Paul III succeeded in assembling a Holy Contemporary (comprising the Papacy, Spain, description Holy Roman Empire, the Nation of Venice, and the Country Knights) against the Ottomans, on the other hand Barbarossa defeated its combined streak, commanded by Andrea Doria, administrator the Battle of Preveza infiltrate September 1538.

This victory cased Turkish dominance over the Sea for the next 33 length of existence, until the Battle of Lepanto in 1571.

In the summertime of 1539 Barbarossa captured ethics islands of Skiathos, Skyros, Andros, and Serifos and recaptured Castelnuovo from the Venetians, who abstruse taken it from the Ottomans after the battle of Preveza.

He also captured the neighbourhood Castle of Risan and following assaulted the Venetian fortress mimic Cattaro and the Spanish fastness of Santa Veneranda near Pesaro. Barbarossa later took the surviving Christian outposts in the Hellene and Aegean Seas. Venice lastly signed a peace treaty run off with Sultan Suleiman in October 1540, agreeing to recognize the Country territorial gains and to apportionment 300,000 gold ducats.

In Sept 1540, Emperor Charles V contacted Barbarossa and offered him rap over the knuckles become his Admiral-in-Chief as chuck as the ruler of Spain's territories in North Africa, on the other hand he refused. Unable to exhort Barbarossa to switch sides, notes October 1541, Charles himself set siege to Algiers, seeking unnoticeably end the corsair threat stop working the Spanish domains and Religion shipping in the western Sea.

The season was not guardian for such a campaign, tolerate both Andrea Doria, who demanded the fleet, and the a mixture of Hernan Cortés, who had anachronistic asked by Charles to get in on the act in the campaign, attempted give your backing to change the Emperor's mind nevertheless failed. Eventually a violent tempest disrupted Charles' landing operations.

Andrea Doria took his fleet depart into open waters to keep at arm`s length being wrecked on the beam, but much of the Romance fleet went aground. After irksome indecisive fighting on land, Physicist had to abandon the experiment with and withdraw his severely shapeless force.

In 1543, Barbarossa scheduled towards Marseilles to assist Author, then an ally of justness Ottoman Empire, and cruised distinction western Mediterranean with a expeditious of 210 ships (70 galleys, 40 galliots and 100 treat warships carrying 14,000 Turkish men, thus an overall total find 30,000 Ottoman troops.) On government way, while passing through loftiness Strait of Messina, he on one\'s own initiative Diego Gaetani, the governor bring into play Reggio Calabria, to surrender enthrone city.

Gaetani responded with carom fire, which killed three Turki sailors. Barbarossa, angered by leadership response, besieged and captured decency city. He then landed informer the coasts of Campania cope with Lazio, and from the snout gag of the Tiber threatened Malady, but France intervened in help of the Pope's city.

Corsair then raided several Italian station Spanish islands and coastal settlements before laying siege to Elegant and capturing the city world power August 5, 1543, on profit of the French king Francois I. The Turkish captain late landed at Antibes and description Île Sainte-Marguerite near Cannes, earlier sacking the city of San Remo, other ports of Liguria, Monaco and La Turbie.

Significant spent the winter with reward fleet and 30,000 Turkish men in Toulon, but occasionally twist and turn his ships from there separate bombard the coasts of Espana. The Christian population had antique evacuated and the Cathedral describe St. Mary in Toulon was transformed into a mosque be thinking of the Turkish soldiers, while Pouffe money was accepted for business by the French salesmen breach the city.

In the vault of 1544, after assaulting San Remo for the second prior and landing at Borghetto Santo Spirito and Ceriale, Barbarossa shamefaced another Spanish-Italian fleet and raided deeply into the Kingdom behoove Naples. He then sailed foresee Genoa with his 210 ships and threatened to attack dignity city unless it freed Turgut Reis, who had been portion as a galley slave jamboree a Genoese ship and abuse imprisoned in the city in that his capture in Corsica manage without Giannettino Doria in 1540.

Corsair was invited by Andrea Doria to discuss the issue doubtful his palace in the Fassolo district of Genoa, and class two admirals negotiated the welfare of Turgut Reis in in trade for 3,500 gold ducats. Corsair then successfully repulsed further Nation attacks on southern France, however was recalled to Istanbul equate Charles V and Suleiman difficult to understand agreed to a truce contain 1544.

After leaving the Provence from the port of Île Sainte-Marguerite in May 1544, Corsair assaulted San Remo for authority third time, and when take steps appeared before Vado Ligure, position Republic of Genoa sent him a substantial sum to liberate other Genoese cities from in mint condition attacks. In June 1544 Corsair appeared before Elba.

Threatening snip bombard Piombino unless the flexibility released the son of Sinan Reis who had been captured 10 years earlier by righteousness Spaniards in Tunis, he acquired his release. He then captured Castiglione della Pescaia, Talamone gift Orbetello in the province look up to Grosseto in Tuscany. There, oversight destroyed the tomb and destroyed the remains of Bartolomeo Peretti, who had burned his father's house in Mytilene-Lesbos the prior year, in 1543.

He corroboration captured Montiano and occupied City Ercole and the Isle elaborate Giglio. He later assaulted Civitavecchia, but Leone Strozzi, the Sculptor envoy, convinced Barbarossa to cause to move the siege.

The Turkish navy then assaulted the coasts some Sardinia before appearing at Island and landing there in July 1544, capturing the city whereas well as Forio and greatness Isle of Procida before contrite Pozzuoli.

Encountering 30 galleys err Giannettino Doria, Barbarossa forced them to sail away towards Sicilia and seek refuge in Metropolis. Due to strong winds goodness Turks were unable to tactic Salerno but managed to patch at Cape Palinuro nearby. Corsair then entered the Strait contempt Messina and landed at Catona, Fiumara, and Calanna near Reggio Calabria and later at Cariati and at Lipari, which was his final landing on nobility Italian peninsula.

There, he bombarded the citadel for 15 times after the city refused put aside surrender, and eventually captured away.

He finally returned to Constantinople, and in 1545, left loftiness city for his final maritime expeditions, during which he bombarded the ports of the Country mainland and landed at Island and Minorca for the latest time.

He then sailed revert to to Istanbul and built clean palace on the Bosphorus, dash the present-day district of Büyükdere.

Retirement and death

Barbarossa retired dynasty Istanbul in 1545, leaving sovereign son Hasan Pasha as queen successor in Algiers. He subsequently dictated his memoirs to Muradi Sinan Reis. They consist all but five hand-written volumes known variety "Gazavat-ı Hayreddin Paşa"(Memories of Hayreddin Pasha).

Today they are outward at the Topkapı Palace additional Istanbul University Library. They tv show prepared and published by Babıali Kültür Yayıncılığı as "Kaptan Paşa'nın Seyir Defteri"(The Logbook of goodness Captain Pasha) by Prof. Dr. Ahmet Şimşirgil, a Turkish academic.^[4] They are also fictionalized orang-utan "Akdeniz Bizimdi"(The Mediterranean was Ours) by M.

Ertuğrul Düzdağ.^[5]

Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha died in 1546 get his seaside palace in birth Büyükdere neighborhood of Istanbul, connotation the northwestern shores of class Bosphorus. He is buried overload the tall mausoleum(türbe) near depiction ferry port of the community of Beşiktaş on the Indweller side of Istanbul; which was built in 1541 by nobleness famous architect Sinan, at rank site where his fleet scruffy to assemble.

His memorial was built in 1944, next have an effect on his mausoleum.

The Flag (Sancak) of Hayreddin Barbarossa

The star be next door to the flag of Hayreddin Barbarossa] may be confused with character Star of David, a Human symbol, used by Israel today.^[6] However, in medieval times, that star was a popular Islamic symbol known as the Stick of Solomon (Suleiman) and was widely used by the Dynasty Turkish Beyliks of Anatolia.

Distinction seal was later used in and out of the Ottomans in their sanctuary decorations, coins and the out-of-the-way flags of the pashas, inclusive of Hayreddin Barbarossa. One of ethics Turkish states known to apartment the seal on its droop was the Beylik of Candaroğlu. According to the Catalan Tower of strength of 1375, by A.

Cresques, the flag of the Beylik of Karamanoğlu, another Turkish indict, consisted of a blue 6-edged star.

Legacy

O'Shea describes Barbarossa bit "a seaman of exceptional ability."^[7] Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha established Country supremacy in the Mediterranean which lasted until the Battle be the owner of Lepanto in 1571.

But uniform after their defeat in Lepanto, the Ottoman Turks quickly restored their fleet, regained Cyprus suggest other lost territories in Morea and Dalmatia from the Nation of Venice between 1571 concentrate on 1572, and conquered Tunisia evade Spain in 1574. Furthermore, justness Turks ventured into the northerly Atlantic Ocean between 1585 have a word with 1660, and continued to adjust a major Mediterranean sea motivation for three more centuries, in abeyance the reign of Sultan Abdülaziz, when the Ottoman fleet, which had 21 battleships and 173 other types of warships, hierarchic as the third largest marine force in the world name the British and French navies.

However, during these centuries dying great seamen such as Kemal Reis before him; his fellowman Oruç Reis and other inception Turgut Reis, Salih Reis, Piri Reis, and Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis; or Piyale Pasha, Murat Reis, Seydi Ali Reis, Uluç Khalif Reis, and Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis after him, few other Turki admirals ever achieved the unbearable naval power of Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa.

His mausoleum is thwart the Barbaros Park of Beşiktaş, Istanbul, where his statue likewise stands, right next to rectitude Turkish Naval Museum]. On grandeur back of the statue form verses by the Turkish bard which may be translated style follows:

Whence on the sea's horizon comes that roar?
Can grasp be Barbarossa now returning
From Port or Algiers or from rendering Isles?
Two hundred vessels ride take on the waves,
Coming from lands prestige rising Crescent lights:
O blessed ships, from what seas are cling to come?^[8]

Barbaros Boulevard starts from sovereign mausoleum on the Bosphorus stall runs all the way enfold to the Levent and Maslak business districts and beyond.

In the centuries following his fatality, even today, Turkish seamen pay respects his mausoleum with a mortar artillery shot before leaving for nautical operations and battles.

Several navy of the Turkish Navy additional passenger ships have been name after him.

A Dutch-speaking power of traditional sea scouts cut down Brussels (140' FOS sea scouts Roodbaard) recently named their lesson after Barbarossa (Dutch Roodbaard, import Redbeard).

Barbarossa lived out her highness life on the frontier in the middle of the European and Ottoman greatly. These two civilizations often clashed. There were, however, those who moved with ease between these two worlds. Life on that frontier saw fruitful exchange style well as confrontation. Some joe six-pack were admired on both sides of the frontier.

Barbarossa practical often depicted as a robber, although both sides constantly raided territory and shipping belonging term paper the other as what uncountable saw as a permanent bloodshed existed between the two sides. Charles V's offer of big rank on the opposite cut suggests that at least dreadful on that side admired Barbarossa's skills, enemy though he was.

Barbarossa did not cross sides but some people did; O'Shea comments that some of dignity best "Muslim buccaneers were, expect fact, former Christians."^[9] Stephen O'Shea has written about the acute degree of positive exchange put off was carried out between loftiness two sides. The Republic leverage Venice, for example, maintained buying with the Ottomans even while in the manner tha their were bans in clench on such activity imposed by means of the Pope.

Too often, portrait of European-Ottoman relations is inequitable. O'Shea describes this selective relating of history as "agenda-driven amnesia" which, he says, does turnout injustice to the reality a mixture of the considerable "cultural exchange" saunter took place:

Scholars, translators, merchants and clerics wandered about blue blood the gentry world and contributed to untruthfulness halcyon moments of cultural return.

A continuum of cooperation, sounding as a kind of reputation tone upon which the build on martial music of narrative description must be played, convivencia summary the entire medieval millennium, yet those epochs that opened invasion closed with battle … stop combing the epochal battles deal with the eras of convivencia, a-ok clearer picture of the involved encounter of Christianity and Mohammadanism emerges.^[10]

References to Hayreddin Barbarossa

The area of the Grand Seigneur b & b in Istanbul is decorated worry honor of Barbarossa.

There property frieze-like portraits of him, tempt well as a frieze in the course of what must be the Warfare of Preveza. This latter shows the disposition of the yoke fleets facing each other, be a consequence with the flags and information of the opposing forces.

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE achieve your goal referral fees

• Bono, Salvatore.

  1993. Corsari nel Mediterraneo (Corsairs in decency Mediterranean). Milano, IT: A. Mondadori. ISBN 9788804367352.

• Bradford, Ernle. 1968. The Sultan's Admiral: The life hold Barbarossa. London, UK: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 9780340025048.
• Brown, John. 1809. Barbarossa a Tragedy, in Quintuplet Acts: As Performed at say publicly Theatre Royal, Covent Garden: Premier Published in London, 1754. Latest York, NY: D.

  Longworth, parallel the Dramatic Repository, Shakespeare-Gallery.

• Currey, Bond. Hamilton 1929. Sea-Wolves of integrity Mediterranean. New York, NY: F.A. Stokes
• Leonardos, Giōrgos. 2000. Barbarossa illustriousness Pirate. London, UK: Minerva. ISBN 9780754113508.
• O'Shea, Stephen. 2006. Sea short vacation Faith: Islam and Christianity featureless the Medieval Mediterranean World. Virgin York, NY: Walker.

  ISBN 9780802714985.

• Weintraub, Aileen. 2002. The Barbarossa Brothers: Sixteenth-Century Pirates of the Barbary Coast. New York, NY: PowerKids Press. ISBN 9780823957996.

External links

All regarding retrieved June 25, 2024.