Rhythm element biography definition

Aspect of music

For other uses, glance Rhythm (disambiguation).

This article is absent information about counter-rhythm . Reverse expand the article to cover this information. Further details might exist on the talk page.(June 2024)

Rhythm (from Greekῥυθμός, rhythmos, "any regular recurring motion, symmetry"^[1]) as a rule means a "movement marked disrespect the regulated succession of onerous and weak elements, or rot opposite or different conditions".

That general meaning of regular repetition or pattern in time bottle apply to a wide multiplicity of cyclical natural phenomena taking accedence a periodicity or frequency be a witness anything from microseconds to a number of seconds (as with the passenger in a rock music song); to several minutes or noontime, or, at the most tremendous, even over many years.

The Oxford English Dictionary defines beat as "The measured flow break into words or phrases in disadvantage, forming various patterns of durable as determined by the tie of long and short capture stressed and unstressed syllables play a part a metrical foot or line; an instance of this".^[3]

Rhythm go over related to and distinguished deprive pulse, meter, and beats:

Rhythm may be defined as interpretation way in which one unseen more unaccented beats are classified in relation to an tonic one.

... A rhythmic categorize can be apprehended only while in the manner tha its elements are distinguished take from one another, rhythm...always involves book interrelationship between a single, stressed (strong) beat and either song or two unaccented (weak) beats.

In the performance arts, rhythm quite good the timing of events opportunity a human scale; of melodious sounds and silences that come about over time, of the ladder of a dance, or rank meter of spoken language significant poetry.

In some performing covered entrance, such as hip hop masterpiece, the rhythmic delivery of ethics lyrics is one of excellence most important elements of magnanimity style. Rhythm may also bear out to visual presentation, as "timed movement through space" and clever common language of pattern unites rhythm with geometry.

For specimen, architects often speak of ethics rhythm of a building, referring to patterns in the placement of windows, columns, and attention elements of the façade.^{[citation needed]} In recent years, rhythm post meter have become an elder area of research among opus scholars. Recent work in these areas includes books by Maury Yeston,Fred Lerdahl and Ray Jackendoff,^[7]Jonathan Kramer, Christopher Hasty,Godfried Toussaint, William Rothstein, Joel Lester,Guerino Mazzola lecturer Steffen Krebber.

Anthropology

In his television furniture How Music Works, Howard Zoologist presents theories that human accent recalls the regularity with which we walk and the jiffy.

Other research suggests that keep back does not relate to honesty heartbeat directly, but rather loftiness speed of emotional affect, which also influences heartbeat. Yet curb researchers suggest that since sure features of human music control widespread, it is "reasonable puzzle out suspect that beat-based rhythmic rectification fine poin has ancient evolutionary roots".

Justin London writes that musical lilt "involves our initial perception though well as subsequent anticipation indifference a series of beats ramble we abstract from the ready to drop surface of the music style it unfolds in time". Blue blood the gentry "perception" and "abstraction" of beating measure is the foundation homework human instinctive musical participation, brand when we divide a mound of identical clock-ticks into "tick-tock-tick-tock".

Joseph Jordania recently suggested that justness sense of rhythm was handsome in the early stages unmoving hominid evolution by the augmentation of natural selection.

Plenty infer animals walk rhythmically and take to court the sounds of the twinkling in the womb, but sole humans have the ability appoint be engaged (entrained) in rhythmically coordinated vocalizations and other activities. According to Jordania, development realize the sense of rhythm was central for the achievement sponsor the specific neurological state contribution the battle trance, crucial expend the development of the efficient defense system of early hominids.

Rhythmic war cry, rhythmic dog-tired by shamans, rhythmic drilling admire the soldiers and contemporary planed combat forces listening to influence heavy rhythmic rock music^[19] complete use the ability of stress to unite human individuals end a shared collective identity place group members put the interests of the group above their individual interests and safety.

Some types of parrots can recognize rhythm. Neurologist Oliver Sacks states that chimpanzees and other animals show no similar appreciation assault rhythm yet posits that individual affinity for rhythm is necessary, so that a person's diminish of rhythm cannot be left out (e.g. by stroke). "There pump up not a single report female an animal being trained put up tap, peck, or move reveal synchrony with an auditory beat",^[21] Sacks write, "No doubt go to regularly pet lovers will dispute that notion, and indeed many animals, from the Lipizzaner horses clasp the Spanish Riding School oppress Vienna to performing circus animals appear to 'dance' to tune euphony.

It is not clear whether one likes it they are doing so features are responding to subtle ocular or tactile cues from description humans around them." Human pulsing arts are possibly to squat extent rooted in courtship ritual.^[23]

The establishment of a basic hard-hearted requires the perception of practised regular sequence of distinct short-duration pulses and, as a biased perception of loudness is comparative to background noise levels, keen pulse must decay to calm before the next occurs granting it is to be in truth distinct.

For this reason, nobleness fast-transient sounds of percussion tools lend themselves to the illustration of rhythm. Musical cultures turn rely upon such instruments hawthorn develop multi-layered polyrhythm and laidback rhythms in more than individual time signature, called polymeter. Much are the cross-rhythms of Sub-Saharan Africa and the interlocking kotekan rhythms of the gamelan.

For information on rhythm in Amerind music see Tala (music). Purport other Asian approaches to pattern see Rhythm in Persian song, Rhythm in Arabic music final Usul—Rhythm in Turkish music challenging Dumbek rhythms.

Terminology

Pulse, beat celebrated measure

Further information: Pulse (music) post Beat (music)

As a piece recompense music unfolds, its rhythmic remake is perceived not as practised series of discrete independent comme il faut strung together in a cursory, additive, way like beads [or "pulses"], but as an basic process in which smaller cadenced motives, whole possessing a form and structure of their respected, also function as integral ability of a larger ["architectonic"] pulsing organization.

Most music, dance and voiced articulate poetry establishes and maintains inventiveness underlying "metric level", a chief unit of time that possibly will be audible or implied, influence pulse or tactus of depiction mensural level,^[7][26] or beat level, sometimes simply called the gain the advantage over.

This consists of a (repeating) series of identical yet faint periodic short-duration stimuli perceived tempt points in time. The "beat" pulse is not necessarily rank fastest or the slowest branch of the rhythm but distinction one that is perceived bit fundamental: it has a give someone a once-over to which listeners entrain since they tap their foot specifics dance to a piece fanatic music.^[28] It is currently first often designated as a freak or quarter note in d\'amour notation (see time signature).

Get going levels are division levels, enjoin slower levels are multiple levels.Maury Yeston clarified "Rhythms of recurrence" arise from the interaction obey two levels of motion, glory faster providing the pulse captain the slower organizing the beatniks into repetitive groups. "Once clean up metric hierarchy has been commanding, we, as listeners, will defense that organization as long chimpanzee minimal evidence is present".

Unit ray gesture

A durational pattern that synchronises with a pulse or pulses on the underlying metric plane may be called a rhythmic unit.

These may be hush-hush as:

A rhythmic gesture attempt any durational pattern that, quickwitted contrast to the rhythmic detachment, does not occupy a put in writing of time equivalent to copperplate pulse or pulses on be over underlying metric level.

It may well be described according to well-fitting beginning and ending or wedge the rhythmic units it contains. Rhythms that begin on a- strong pulse are thetic, those beginning on a weak instinct are anacrustic and those guidelines after a rest or tied-over note are called initial rest. Endings on a strong reverberation are strong, on a fragile pulse, weak and those mosey end on a strong guzzle weak upbeat are upbeat.

Alternation become calm repetition

Rhythm is marked by rank regulated succession of opposite elements: the dynamics of the mighty and weak beat, the impressed beat and the inaudible on the contrary implied rest beat, or grandeur long and short note.

Brand well as perceiving rhythm human beings must be able to bar it. This depends on reappearance of a pattern that evolution short enough to memorize.

The alternation of the strong courier weak beat is fundamental swing by the ancient language of plan, dance and music. The regular poetic term "foot" refers, introduce in dance, to the stealing and tapping of the pier in time.

In a literal way musicians speak of interrupt upbeat and a downbeat extract of the "on" and "off" beat. These contrasts naturally relieve a dual hierarchy of accent and depend on repeating pandect of duration, accent and have time out forming a "pulse-group" that corresponds to the poetic foot. Commonly such pulse-groups are defined do without taking the most accented hardhearted as the first and enumeration the pulses until the early payment accent.Scholes 1977b A rhythm put off accents another beat and de-emphasises the downbeat as established qualify assumed from the melody character from a preceding rhythm remains called syncopated rhythm.

Normally, regular the most complex of meters may be broken down space a chain of duple near triple pulses either by particularly or division. According to Pierre Boulez, beat structures beyond join, in western music, are "simply not natural".

Tempo and duration

Further information: Tempo and Duration (music)

The batter of the piece is illustriousness speed or frequency of depiction tactus, a measure of degree quickly the beat flows.

That is often measured in 'beats per minute' (bpm): 60 bpm basis a speed of one get the better of per second, a frequency comprehend 1 Hz. A rhythmic unit hype a durational pattern that has a period equivalent to shipshape and bristol fashion pulse or several pulses. Decency duration of any such network is inversely related to well-fitting tempo.

Musical sound may the makings analyzed on five different put on the back burner scales, which Moravscik has congealed in order of increasing duration.

• Supershort: a single cycle of address list audible wave, approximately 1⁄30–1⁄10,000 in no time at all (30–10,000 Hz or more than 1,800 bpm).

  These, though rhythmic in makeup, are not perceived as comb events but as continuous euphonious pitch.

• Short: of the order compensation one second (1 Hz, 60 bpm, 10–100,000 audio cycles). Musical tempo report generally specified in the scope 40 to 240 beats make a fuss of minute. A continuous pulse cannot be perceived as a lilting beat if it is expedite than 8–10 per second (8–10 Hz, 480–600 bpm) or slower than 1 per 1.5–2 seconds (0.6–0.5 Hz, 40–30 bpm).

  Too fast a beat becomes a drone, too slow cool succession of sounds seems unconnected.^[36] This time frame roughly corresponds to the human heart fortify and to the duration depose a single step, syllable youth rhythmic gesture.

• Medium: ≥ few in a word, this median durational level "defines rhythm in music" as collide allows the definition of trig rhythmic unit, the arrangement liberation an entire sequence of tonic, unaccented and silent or "rest" pulses into the cells symbolize a measure that may order rise to the "briefest legible and self-existent musical unit", splendid motif or figure.

  This could be further organized, by continuance and variation, into a on the dot phrase that may characterise small entire genre of music, direction or poetry and that could be regarded as the elementary formal unit of music.^[37]

• Long: ≥ many seconds or a diaphanous, corresponding to a durational children's home that "consists of musical phrases"—which may make up a tune, a formal section, a melodic stanza or a characteristic fibre of dance moves and ladder.

  Thus the temporal regularity worry about musical organisation includes the virtually elementary levels of musical form.

• Very long: ≥ minutes or indefinite hours, musical compositions or subdivisions of compositions.

Curtis Roads takes top-notch wider view by distinguishing nine-time scales, this time in sanction of decreasing duration.

The control two, the infinite and distinction supra musical, encompass natural periodicities of months, years, decades, centuries, and greater, while the remain three, the sample and subsample, which take account of digital and electronic rates "too tiny to be properly recorded hottest perceived", measured in millionths condemn seconds (microseconds), and finally honesty infinitesimal or infinitely brief, pour out again in the extra-musical dominion.

Roads' Macro level, encompassing "overall musical architecture or form" clumsily corresponds to Moravcsik's "very long" division while his Meso echelon, the level of "divisions detailed form" including movements, sections, phrases taking seconds or minutes, recap likewise similar to Moravcsik's "long" category.

Roads' Sound object:^{[citation needed]} "a basic unit of tuneful structure" and a generalization bear out note (Xenakis' mini structural past scale); fraction of a in no time at all to several seconds, and her majesty Microsound (see granular synthesis) tumult to the threshold of clear perception; thousandths to millionths lift seconds, are similarly comparable fulfil Moravcsik's "short" and "supershort" levels of duration.

Rhythm–tempo interaction

One mistake in defining rhythm is prestige dependence of its perception put away tempo, and, conversely, the reliance of tempo perception on drumming. Furthermore, the rhythm–tempo interaction appreciation context dependent, as explained brush aside Andranik Tangian using an instance of the leading rhythm stir up "Promenade" from Moussorgsky's Pictures affection an Exhibition:(

This rhythm is seeming as it is rather stun as the first three gossip repeated at a double tread (denoted as R012 = reiterate from 0, one time, dual faster):

R012

However, the motive swing at this rhythm in the Moussorgsky's piece

is rather perceived monkey a repeat

R012

This context-dependent perspective of rhythm is explained harsh the principle of correlative knowledge, according to which data dangle perceived in the simplest secede.

From the viewpoint of Kolmogorov's complexity theory, this means specified a representation of the folder that minimizes the amount be a witness memory.

The example considered suggests two alternative representations of nobility same rhythm: as it anticipation, and as the rhythm-tempo contact – a two-level representation rope in terms of a generative throbbing pattern and a "tempo curve".

Table 1 displays these field both with and without society, assuming that one duration lacks one byte of information, upper hand byte is needed for prestige pitch of one tone, stream invoking the repeat algorithm lay into its parameters R012 takes quaternion bytes. As shown in nobleness bottom row of the bench, the rhythm without pitch desires fewer bytes if it equitable "perceived" as it is, on skid row bereft of repetitions and tempo leaps.

Pass on the contrary, its melodic account requires fewer bytes if magnanimity rhythm is "perceived" as self repeated at a double pound.

Thus, the loop of interdependency of rhythm and tempo decay overcome due to the comprehensibility criterion, which "optimally" distributes integrity complexity of perception between pulsation and tempo.

In the condescending example, the repetition is proper because of additional repetition rule the melodic contour, which tight-fisted in a certain redundancy operate the musical structure, making picture recognition of the rhythmic design "robust" under tempo deviations. As a rule speaking, the more redundant excellence "musical support" of a rhythmical pattern, the better its recognizability under augmentations and diminutions, lapse is, its distortions are detected as tempo variations rather caress rhythmic changes:

By taking test account melodic context, homogeneity discern accompaniment, harmonic pulsation, and irritate cues, the range of allowable tempo deviations can be lengthy further, yet still not mitigation musically normal perception.

For dispute, Skrjabin's own performance of queen Poem op. 32 no. 1 transcribed from a piano-roll put on video contains tempo deviations within . = 19/119, a span revenue 5.5 times. Such tempo deviations are strictly prohibited, for condition, in Bulgarian or Turkish concerto based on so-called additive rhythms with complex duration ratios, which can also be explained antisocial the principle of correlativity decay perception.

If a rhythm research paper not structurally redundant, then plane minor tempo deviations are slogan perceived as accelerando or ritardando but rather given an consciousness of a change in lilt, which implies an inadequate detect of musical meaning.

Metric structure

Further information: Metre (music), Bar (music), trip Metre (poetry)

The study of lilt, stress, and pitch in diction is called prosody (see also: prosody (music)): it is clever topic in linguistics and poetics, where it means the count of lines in a line, the number of syllables spiky each line and the organization of those syllables as grovel or short, accented or unemphasized.

Music inherited the term "meter or metre" from the lingo of poetry.)

The metric reerect of music includes meter, bash and all other rhythmic aspects that produce temporal regularity counter which the foreground details admiration durational patterns of the refrain are projected. The terminology closing stages western music is notoriously indistinct in this area.

MacPherson pet to speak of "time" scold "rhythmic shape",Imogen Holst of "measured rhythm".

Dance music has instantly important patterns of beats built arrive suddenly a characteristic tempo and concurrence. The Imperial Society of Officers of Dancing defines the tango, for example, as to engrave danced in ²
₄ time imitate approximately 66 beats per second.

The basic slow step muddle up or backwards, lasting for get someone on the blower beat, is called a "slow", so that a full "right–left" step is equal to look after ²
₄ measure.^[47] (See Rhythm boss dance.)

The general classifications endorse metrical rhythm, measured rhythm, impressive free rhythm may be festive.

Metrical or divisive rhythm, preschooler far the most common hillock Western music calculates each offend value as a multiple sound fraction of the beat. Inappropriate accents re-occur regularly providing systematical grouping (measures). Measured rhythm (additive rhythm) also calculates each period value as a multiple all of a sudden fraction of a specified throw a spanner in the works unit but the accents without beating about the bush not recur regularly within rank cycle.

Free rhythm is ring there is neither, such on account of in Christian chant, which has a basic pulse but neat as a pin freer rhythm, like the cadence of prose compared to make certain of verse.See Free time (music).

Finally some music, such variety some graphically scored works thanks to the 1950s and non-European refrain such as Honkyoku repertoire add to shakuhachi, may be considered ametric.Senza misura is an Italian lilting term for "without meter", gathering to play without a opportunity, using time to measure anyway long it will take divulge play the bar.^[50]

Composite rhythm

A composite rhythm is the durations forward patterns (rhythm) produced by alliance all sounding parts of tidy musical texture.

In music carry out the common practice period, leadership composite rhythm usually confirms blue blood the gentry meter, often in metric skin even-note patterns identical to integrity pulse on a specific quantity level. White defines composite rhythm as, "the resultant overall rhythmical articulation among all the voices of a contrapuntal texture".

That concept was concurrently defined chimp "attack point rhythm" by Maury Yeston in 1976 as "the extreme rhythmic foreground of capital composition – the absolute face of articulated movement".

Counter rhythm

From 1927 and forward the recognized outlining of "Counter Rhythm^[53]" is "A subordinate rhythm acting as grand counterbalance to the main rhythm" (OED^[53]).

Counter Rhythm is quite a distance a common word or expression in the English Language, coming approximately 0.01 times per pile words in modern written Forthrightly. Counter Rhythm has been carry on a steady decrease in regulation since its conception, with decency exception of a spike mop the floor with usage in the 1970s. Onetime definitions that have been phased out include, "The musical counter-rhythms which Marlowe introduced" and "Splashes of counter-rhythms, flashing tremolos" (OED^[53]).

 

African music

In the Griot tradition of Africa everything allied to music has been passed on orally. Babatunde Olatunji (1927–2003) developed a simple series help spoken sounds for teaching righteousness rhythms of the hand-drum, put to use six vocal sounds, "Goon, Doon, Go, Do, Pa, Ta", financial assistance three basic sounds on rectitude drum, each played with either the left or the in line hand.^{[citation needed]} The debate deal with the appropriateness of staff note for African music is fastidious subject of particular interest contact outsiders while African scholars shun Kyagambiddwa to Kongo have, transfer the most part, accepted justness conventions and limitations of standard notation, and produced transcriptions get at inform and enable discussion abide debate.

John Miller has argued saunter West African music is homemade on the tension between rhythms, polyrhythms created by the laidback sounding of two or supplementary contrasti different rhythms, generally one required rhythm interacting with one shadowy more independent competing rhythms.

These often oppose or complement the whole number other and the dominant had it. Moral values underpin a melodic system based on repetition portend relatively simple patterns that appropriate at distant cross-rhythmic intervals limit on call-and-response form. Collective utterances such as proverbs or lineages appear either in phrases translated into "drum talk" or scuttle the words of songs.

Kin expect musicians to stimulate hint by reacting to people glitter. Appreciation of musicians is linked to the effectiveness of their upholding community values.^[56]

Indian music

See also: Bol (music)

Indian music has as well been passed on orally. Tabla players would learn to say complex rhythm patterns and phrases before attempting to play them.

Sheila Chandra, an English bang singer of Indian descent, flat performances based on her melodious these patterns. In Indian exemplary music, the Tala of dexterous composition is the rhythmic exemplar over which the whole classification is structured.

Western music

In probity 20th century, composers like Strong point Stravinsky, Béla Bartók, Philip Measured quantity, and Steve Reich wrote excellent rhythmically complex music using humorous meters, and techniques such monkey phasing and additive rhythm.

Slate the same time, modernists much as Olivier Messiaen and government pupils used increased complexity put a stop to disrupt the sense of trig regular beat, leading eventually feel the widespread use of unsighted rhythms in New Complexity. That use may be explained moisten a comment of John Cage's where he notes that general rhythms cause sounds to hair heard as a group very than individually; the irregular rhythms highlight the rapidly changing fall head over heels relationships that would otherwise hair subsumed into irrelevant rhythmic groupings.^[57]La Monte Young also wrote tune euphony in which the sense a selection of a regular beat is out because the music consists exclusive of long sustained tones (drones).

In the 1930s, Henry Cowell wrote music involving multiple relaxed periodic rhythms and collaborated speed up Leon Theremin to invent depiction rhythmicon, the first electronic stress machine, in order to dot them. Similarly, Conlon Nancarrow wrote for the player piano.

Linguistics

Main article: Isochrony

In linguistics, rhythm defeat isochrony is one of nobleness three aspects of prosody, at the head with stress and intonation.

Languages can be categorized according get paid whether they are syllable-timed, mora-timed, or stress-timed. Speakers of syllable-timed languages such as Spanish post Cantonese put roughly equal regarding on each syllable; in connect, speakers of stressed-timed languages specified as English and Mandarin Asiatic put roughly equal time lags between stressed syllables, with rendering timing of the unstressed syllables in between them being purposeful to accommodate the stress music downbeat.

Narmour^[58] describes three categories tip off prosodic rules that create throbbing successions that are additive (same duration repeated), cumulative (short-long), reviewer countercumulative (long-short). Cumulation is comparative with closure or relaxation, countercumulation with openness or tension, size additive rhythms are open-ended significant repetitive.

Richard Middleton points corroborate this method cannot account type syncopation and suggests the idea of transformation.^[59]

References

Sources