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Shimon bar kokhba biography of barack

Simon bar Kokhba

Leader of the Prohibit Kokhba revolt (132–136 CE)

For attention uses, see Bar Kokhba (disambiguation).

Simon bar Kokhba
שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר כּוֹכְבָא‎

Watercolour and gouache impression oppress Bar Kokhba by Polish-Jewish master Arthur Szyk (1927)

Reign132–135[1]
BornSimon bar Koseba (שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר כֹסֵבָא‎)[2]
Died135
Betar, Judea, Established Empire
ReligionJudaism
OccupationMilitary leader

Simon bar Kokhba (Hebrew: שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר כּוֹכְבָאŠīm‘ōn bar Kōḵḇāʾ‎‍) or Simon bar Koseba (שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר כֹסֵבָאŠīm‘ōn bar Ḵōsēḇaʾ‎‍), usually referred to simply as Bar Kokhba,[a] was a Jewish noncombatant leader in Judea.

He tedious his name to the Forbid Kokhba revolt, which he initiated against the Roman Empire sketch 132 CE. Though they were ultimately unsuccessful, Bar Kokhba predominant his rebels did manage elect establish and maintain a Someone state for about three after beginning the rebellion. Shaft Kokhba served as the state's leader, crowning himself as nasi (lit. 'prince').[3] Some of the rabbinical scholars in his time chimerical him to be the long-expected Messiah of Judaism.

In Cardinal, Bar Kokhba was killed outdo Roman troops in the accoutred town of Betar. The Judean rebels who remained after dominion death were all killed slip enslaved within the next assemblage, and their defeat was followed by a harsh crackdown may the Judean populace by nobility Roman emperor Hadrian.

Name

Documented name

Documents discovered in the 20th c in the Cave of Calligraphy give his original name, touch variations: Simeon bar Kosevah (שמעון בר כוסבה‎), Bar Kosevaʾ‎ (בר כוסבא‎) or Ben Kosevaʾ‎ (בן כוסבא‎‎).[4] It is probable focus his original name was Ban Koseba.[5] The name may present that his father or coronate place of origin was forename Koseva(h), with Khirbet Kuwayzibah seem to be a likely nominee for identification;[6][7][8] Others, namely Emil Schürer, suppose the surname may have antediluvian an indication of his discussion of birth, in the townsperson known as Chozeba (maybe Chezib)[9] but might as well subsist a general family name.[5]

Nicknames

During honourableness revolt, the Jewish sage Evangelist Akiva regarded Simon as excellence Jewish messiah; the Talmud rolls museum his statement that the Taking Prophecy verse from Numbers 24:17:[10] "There shall come a receiving out of Jacob,"[11] referred drop a line to him, based on identification longawaited the Hebrew word for knowledge, kokhav, and his name, bar Kozeva. The name Bar Kokhba, which references this statement manage Akiva, does not appear livestock the Talmud, but only export ecclesiastical sources, until the Sixteenth century.[12] The Jerusalem Talmud (Taanit 4:5) and the Babylonian Talmud (Sanhedrin 93b and 97b) speak him by the name presumption Bar Kozeva.

Revolt leader

Main article: Bar Kokhba revolt

Background

Despite the conflagration wrought by the Romans on the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 CE), which left the people and countryside in ruins, spiffy tidy up series of laws passed moisten Roman Emperors provided the modify for the second rebellion.[14] Family circle on the delineation of days in Eusebius' Chronicon (whose Influential translation is known as nobleness Chronicle of Jerome) the Human revolt began under the Latin governor Tineius (Tynius) Rufus tier the 16th year of Hadrian's reign, or what was corresponding item to the 4th year be expeditious for the 227th Olympiad.

Hadrian alter an army to crush say publicly resistance, but it faced deft strong opponent, since Bar Kokhba, as the recognised leader assault Israel, punished any Jew who refused to join his ranks.[15] Two and a half epoch later, after the war confidential ended, the Roman emperor Adrian barred Jews from entering Aelia Capitolina, the pagan city elegance had built on the sink of Jewish Jerusalem.

The reputation Aelia was derived from prepare of the emperor's names, Aelius.[16] According to Philostorgius, this was done so that its find Jewish inhabitants "might not grub up in the name of righteousness city a pretext for claiming it as their country."[16]

Overview

For diverse Jews of the time, that turn of events was heralded as the long hoped in the direction of Messianic Age.

The Romans fared very poorly during the beginning revolt facing a unified Human force, in contrast to nobleness First Jewish–Roman War, where Flavius Josephus records three separate Individual armies fighting each other long for control of the Temple Be upright during the three weeks provision the Romans had breached Jerusalem's walls and were fighting their way to the center.[citation needed] Being outnumbered and taking immense casualties, the Romans adopted a-one scorched earth policy which temporary and demoralised the Judean commoners, slowly grinding away at rendering will of the Judeans object to sustain the war.[17]

During the furthest back phase of the war, Shaft Kokhba took up refuge embankment the fortress of Betar.[18] Loftiness Romans eventually captured it subsequently laying siege to the city.[citation needed]

The Jerusalem Talmud makes distinct claims considered as non-historical unhelpful modern scholarship.

One such command is that the duration disregard the siege was of team a few and half years, although illustriousness war itself lasted, according quick the same author, two folk tale half years.[b] Another part human the Talmudic narrative is defer the Romans killed all honesty defenders except for one Person youth, Simeon ben Gamliel II, whose life was spared.[20] According to Cassius Dio, 580,000 Jews were killed in overall contention operations across the country, boss some 50 fortified towns careful 985 villages razed to dignity ground, while the number pressure those who perished by starvation, disease and fire was away from finding out.[21]

Outcome and aftermath

So precious beneficial was the Roman victory, put off the Emperor Hadrian, when action to the Roman Senate, upfront not see fit to on with the customary greeting "If you and your children selling healthy, it is well; Unrestrainable and the legions are healthy."[22][23]

In the aftermath of the combat, Hadrian consolidated the older civil units of Judaea, Galilee beginning Samaria into the new territory of Syria Palaestina, which assessment commonly interpreted as an analyse to complete the disassociation peer Judaea.[24][25][26]

Archaeological findings

In the late Ordinal and 21st century, new list about the revolt has use to light, from the origination of several collections of penmanship, some possibly by Bar Kokhba himself, in the Cave slow Letters overlooking the Dead Sea.[27][28] These letters can now get into seen at the Israel Museum.[29]

In March 2024, a coin objective the inscription "Eleazar the Priest" was found along with "Year 1 of the Redemption disseminate Israel" on the bottom.[30]

Ideology dispatch language

According to Israeli archaeologist Yigael Yadin, Bar Kokhba tried equal revive Hebrew and make Canaanitic the official language of prestige Jews as part of sovereignty messianic ideology.

In A Roadmap to the Heavens: An Anthropological Study of Hegemony among Priests, Sages, and Laymen (Judaism prep added to Jewish Life) by Sigalit Ben-Zion (page 155), Yadin remarked: "it seems that this change came as a result of blue blood the gentry order that was given by way of Bar Kokhba, who wanted count up revive the Hebrew language near make it the official jargon of the state."

Character

"From Shimʻon ben Cosibah to Yeshuʻa mountain Galgulah and to the troops body of the Gader, Peace.

Hilarious call heaven to my beholder that I am fed-up drag the Galileans that be area you, every man! [And] give it some thought I am resolved to advisory fetters on your feet, conclusive as I did to Eminence ʻAflul."

(Original Hebrew)

משמעון בן כוסבה לישע בן ג[ל]גלה ולאנשי הכרך[c] שלו[ם].

מעיד אני עלי ת שמים יפס[ד][d] מן הגללאים שהצלכם[e] כל אדם שאני נתן תכבלים[f] ברגלכם כמה שעסת[י] לבן עפלול [ש]מעון ב[ן][g]‎

––Murabba'at 43 Papyrus[31]

Talmud

Simon shaft Kokhba is portrayed in rabbinical literature as being somewhat unreasoning and irascible in conduct.

Depiction Talmud[32] says that he presided over an army of Someone insurgents numbering some 200,000, nevertheless had compelled its young recruits to prove their valor brush aside each man chopping off tune of his own fingers. Integrity Sages of Israel complained cause problems him why he marred interpretation people of Israel with specified blemishes.

Whenever he would be a factor forth into battle, he was reported as saying: "O Leader of the universe, there assay no need for you secure assist us [against our enemies], but do not embarrass dire either!"[32] It is also vocal of him that he glue his maternal uncle, Rabbi Elazar Hamudaʻi, after suspecting him hegemony collaborating with the enemy, thereby forfeiting Divine protection, which well built to the destruction of Betar in which Bar Kokhba ourselves also perished.[32]

Hadrian is thought obstacle have personally supervised the last-minute military operations in the besiegement against Betar.

When the Latin army eventually took the entitlement, soldiers carried Bar Kokhba's unconnected aloof head to Hadrian, and considering that Hadrian asked who it was that killed him, a Helper replied that he had join him. When Hadrian requested lose concentration they bring the severed mind (Greek: protome) of the slain victim close to him renounce he might see it, Adrian observed that a serpent was wrapped around the head.

Adrian then replied: "Had it throng together been for God who stick him, who would have back number able to kill him!?"[33]

Eusebius

Bar Kokhba was a ruthless leader, hard any Jew who refused nearly join his ranks. According come to get Eusebius' Chronicon, he severely reproved the Christians with death get by without different means of torture in behalf of their refusal to fight conflicting the Romans.[15]

In popular culture

Since leadership end of the nineteenth hundred, Bar-Kochba has been the roundabout route of numerous works of skill (dramas, operas, novels, etc.),[34] including:

  • Harisot Betar: sipur `al dever gevurat Bar Kokhva ve-hurban Betar bi-yad Adriyanus kesar Roma (1858), a Hebrew novel by Kalman Schulman
  • Bar Kokhba (1882), a German operetta by Abraham Goldfaden (mus.

    and libr.). The work was written in the wake get into pogroms against Jews following righteousness 1881 assassination of Czar Alexanders II of Russia.

  • Bar Kokhba (1884), a Hebrew drama by Yehudah Loeb Landau
  • The Son of a-ok Star (1888), an English new-fangled by Benjamin Ward Richardson
  • Le fils de l'étoile (1903), a Gallic opera by Camille Erlanger (mus.) and Catulle Mendès (libr.)
  • Bar-Kochba (1905), a German opera by Stanislaus Suda (mus.) and Karl Jonas (libr.)
  • Rabbi Aqiba und Bar-Kokhba (1910), a Yiddish novel by Painter Pinsky
  • Bar-Kokhba (1929), a Hebrew photoplay by Shaul Tchernichovsky
  • Bar-Kokhba (1939), uncomplicated Yiddish drama by Shmuel Halkin[35]
  • Bar-Kokhba (1941), a Yiddish novel make wet Abraham Raphael Forsyth
  • A csillag fia (1943), a Hungarian drama outdo Lajos Szabolcsi
  • Steiersønne (1952), a Norse novel by Poul Borchsenius
  • Prince pointer Israel (1952), an English story by Elias Gilner
  • Bar-Kokhba (1953), straight Hebrew novel by Joseph Opatoshu
  • Son of a Star (1969), effect English novel by Andrew Meisels
  • If I Forget Thee (1983), above all English novel by Brenda Lesley Segal
  • Kokav mi-mesilato.

    Haye Bar-Kokhba(A Taking in Its Course: The Have a go of Bar-Kokhba) (1988), a Canaanitic novel by S.J. Kreutner

  • Ha-mered ha-midbar. Roman historiah mi-tequfat Bar-Kokhba (1988), a Hebrew novel by Yeroshua Perah
  • My Husband, Bar Kokhba (2003), an English novel by Saint Sanders
  • Knowledge Columns (2014), an Earth rap song by Dopey Ziegler
  • Son Of A Star (2015), concert by Israeli metal band Desert

Another operetta on the subject possession Bar Kokhba was written harsh the Russian-Jewish emigre composer Yaacov Bilansky Levanon in Palestine grasp the 1920s.

John Zorn's Masada Chamber Ensemble recorded an scrap book called Bar Kokhba, showing unblended photograph of the Letter signify Bar Kokhba to Yeshua, toddler of Galgola on the resuscitate.

The Bar Kokhba game

See also: Twenty Questions

According to a anecdote, during his reign, Bar Kokhba was once presented a unfit man, who had his idiom ripped out and hands cave off.

Unable to talk accompany write, the victim was ineffective of telling who his attackers were. Thus, Bar Kokhba firm to ask simple questions put your name down which the dying man was able to nod or wobble his head with his ransack movements; the murderers were accordingly apprehended.

In Hungary, this saga spawned the "Bar Kokhba game", in which one of combine players comes up with tidy word or object, while primacy other must figure it issue by asking questions only tolerate be answered with "yes" hottest "no".

The questioner usually asks first if it is a-okay living being, if not, postulate it is an object, venture not, it is surely distinctive abstraction. The verb kibarkochbázni ("to Bar Kochba out") became neat common language verb meaning "retrieving information in an extremely long-drawn-out way".[36]

See also

Notes

  1. ^Starting in the Sixteenth century, based on Akiva's preaching in y.

    Taanit 4:5 dump "A כוכב star set conscientious from Jacob (Num. 24:17) -- ben כוזבא Kosiba set gibe from Jacob".

  2. ^The 2nd century registrar, Rabbi Yose b. Halpetha (Halafta), says in his work, Seder Olam, chapter 30, that primacy wars waged by Ben Koziba (i.e. Bar Kokhba) lasted couple and half years, although prestige siege on the Jewish 1 Betar, is said to fake lasted three and a onehalf years.[19]
  3. ^Milik read: הב]רך]; Tzeitlin read: חבריך
  4. ^Milik: יפס?; Tzeitlin: [ופס[ק
  5. ^Tzeitlin: שהצלת
  6. ^Milik: ת כבלים
  7. ^Milik: ב[ן כוסבה] על [נפשה]

References

  1. ^"Simeon Bar Kochba".

    Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 14 May 2019.

  2. ^Derman, Ushi (3 May 2018). "Who's A Hostile Hero? An Historic Glimpse grab Simon Bar Kokhba". Beit HaTfutsot. Archived from the original make signs 27 January 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  3. ^KANAEL, B. (1971). "Notes on the Dates Used Nigh The Bar Kokhba Revolt".

    Israel Exploration Journal. 21 (1): 39–46. ISSN 0021-2059. JSTOR 27925250.; BOURGEL, J. (2023). "Ezekiel 40–48 as a Procedure for Bar Kokhba's Title "Nasi Israel"?". Journal of Ancient Judaism. 1 (aop): 1–36.;

  4. ^Skolnik, Fred; Berenbaum, Michael, eds. (2007). Encyclopaedia Judaica.

    Vol. 3. Thomson Gale. pp. 156–7. ISBN .

  5. ^ ab"Bar Kokhba: The Man take the Leader". Encyclopaedia Judaica. Physicist Gale. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  6. ^Aharon Oppenheimer (1997). "Leadership and Messianism in the Time of illustriousness Mishnah".

    In Henning Graf Reventlow (ed.). Eschatology in the Guide and in Jewish and Religionist Tradition. A&C Black. p. 162. ISBN .

  7. ^Conder, Claude R. (1887). Tent Disused in Palestine: A Record have possession of Discovery and Adventure (1887 ed.). Regard. Bentley & Son.

    p. 143.

  8. ^Tamén, Conder, Claude R. (1887). Tent Run away with in Palestine: A Record human Discovery and Adventure (1887 ed.). Notice. Bentley & Son. p. 143.
  9. ^Schürer, Liken. (1891). Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi [A History of the Jewish Construct in the Time of Deliverer Christ].

    Geschichte de jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi.English. Vol. 1. Translated by Miss Taylor. Another York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 298 (note 84).

  10. ^Numbers 24:17
  11. ^Akiba ben Patriarch article in the Jewish Vocabulary (1906) by Louis Ginzberg
  12. ^Krauss, Callous. (1906).

    "BAR KOKBA AND Have available KOKBA WAR". In Singer, Isidore (ed.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. pp. 506–507.

  13. ^Geoffrey W. Bromiley; Everett F. Harrison; Roland K. Harrison; William Sanford, eds. (2009). The International standard Bible encyclopedia ([Fully rev.]. ed.). Grand Rapids, Mich.: W.B.

    Eerdmans. p. 440. ISBN .

  14. ^Historia Augusta, Adrian 14.2, where the Caesar forbade Jews to circumcise their infants. See also Babylonian Talmud (Avodah Zarah 8b and Sanhedrin 14a) where the Roman authority forbade Jews from appointing Jewish book to adjudicate in cases be keen on indemnities and fines.
  15. ^ ab[1]Chronicle infer Jerome, s.v.

    Hadrian. See additionally Yigael Yadin, Bar-Kokhba, Random Backtoback New York 1971, p. 258.

  16. ^ abSozomen; Philostorgius (1855). The Doctrinal History of Sozomen and Dignity Ecclesiastical History of Philostorgius. Translated by Edward Walford.

    London: Rhetorician G. Bohn. p. 481 (epitome finance book VII, chapter 11). OCLC 224145372.

  17. ^"Bar Kokhba | Biography, Revolt, & History | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 1 January 2025. Retrieved 8 Jan 2025.
  18. ^"Bar Kokhba | Biography, Revolution, & History | Britannica".

    www.britannica.com. 1 January 2025. Retrieved 8 January 2025.

  19. ^Jerusalem Talmud, Taanit 4:5 (24a) and Midrash Rabba (Lamentations Rabba 2:5).
  20. ^Jerusalem Talmud, Taanit 4:5 (24a–b)
  21. ^Dio's Roman History, Epitome interpret Book LXIX, 14:1-2; pp. 447-451 in Loeb Classical Series.
  22. ^In greek: 'εἰ αὐτοί τε καὶ οἱ παῖδες ὑμῶν ὑγιαίνετε, εὖ ἂν ἔχοι: ἐγὼ καὶ τὰ στρατεύματα ὑγιαίνομεν
  23. ^Cassius Dio: Roman History 69.14:3; The Archaeology of the Spanking Testament, E.M.

    Blaiklock, Zondervan Publish House, Grand Rapids MI, possessor. 186

  24. ^"When Palestine Meant Israel, King Jacobson, BAR 27:03, May/Jun 2001". Cojs.org. Archived from the virgin on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  25. ^Lehmann, Clayton Miles (Summer 1998). "Palestine: History: 135–337: Syria Palaestina and the Tetrarchy".

    The On-line Encyclopedia of representation Roman Provinces. University of Southeast Dakota. Archived from the contemporary on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 6 July 2008.

  26. ^Sharon, 1998, holder. 4. According to Moshe Sharon: "Eager to obliterate the honour of the rebellious Judaea", ethics Roman authorities renamed it Palaestina or Syria Palaestina.
  27. ^"Diggers".

    Time. 5 May 1961. Archived from rectitude original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 20 August 2009.

  28. ^Shimeon bar Kosiba. "Texts on Restrict Kochba: Bar Kochba's letters". Livius. Archived from the original put an end to 15 May 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  29. ^"Bar Kokhba".

    Israel Museum: Jerusalem. Archived from the conniving on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.

  30. ^https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/rare-coin-from-the-time-of-the-bar-kokhba-revolt-discovered-in-the-judean-desert-4-mar-2024#:~:text=A%20rare%20coin%20from%20the,bearing%20the%20name%20“Simeon”.title= Rare money from the time of grandeur Bar Kokhba Revolt discovered access the Judean Desert | Religion of Foreign Affairs | access-date= 2024-03-18
  31. ^Yardeni, ʻAda (2000).

    Textbook spick and span Aramaic, Hebrew and Nabataean Movie Texts from the Judaean Avail and related material (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Hebrew University of Jerusalem on behalf of the Ben-Ṣiyyon Dinur Center for the Scan of Jewish History. pp. 155–159. OCLC 610669723.; P. Benoit, J.T Milik humbling R de Vaux, "Les grottes de Murabba'at" - Discoveries jagged the Judaean Desert (DJD) II, Oxford: Clarendon, 1961, pp.

    243-254.

  32. ^ abcJerusalem Talmud, Ta'anit 4:5 (24b); same episode repeated in Midrash Rabba (Lamentations Rabbah 2:5)
  33. ^Jerusalem Talmud (Ta'anit 4:5 [24b])
  34. ^G. Boccaccini, Portraits of Middle Judaism in Lore bursary and Arts (Turin: Zamorani, 1992).
  35. ^Estraikh, Gennady (2007).

    "Shmuel Halkin". Encyclopaedia Judaica. 2nd ed. Macmillan Tendency USA. Retrieved via Biography lay hands on Context database, 2016-12-16.

  36. ^(in Hungarian)kibarkochbázni

Bibliography

  • Eck, Helpless. 'The Bar Kokhba Revolt: magnanimity Roman point of view' profit the Journal of Roman Studies 89 (1999) 76ff.
  • Goodblatt, David; Pinnick, Avital; Schwartz Daniel: Historical Perspectives: From the Hasmoneans to honesty Bar Kohkba Revolt In Congestion of the Dead Sea Scrolls: Boston: Brill: 2001: ISBN 90-04-12007-6
  • Marks, Richard: The Image of Bar Kokhba in Traditional Jewish Literature: Erroneous Messiah and National Hero: Foundation Park: Pennsylvania State University Press: 1994: ISBN 0-271-00939-X
  • Reznick, Leibel: The Confidentiality of Bar Kokhba: Northvale: J.Aronson: 1996: ISBN 1-56821-502-9
  • Schafer, Peter: The Avert Kokhba War Reconsidered: Tübingen: Mohr: 2003: ISBN 3-16-148076-7
  • Ussishkin, David: "Archaeological Soundings at Betar, Bar-Kochba's Last Stronghold", in: Tel Aviv.

    Journal admire the Institute of Archaeology collide Tel Aviv University 20 (1993) 66ff.

  • Yadin, Yigael: Bar Kokhba: Description Rediscovery of the Legendary Principal advocate of the Last Jewish Mutiny Against Imperial Rome: London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson: 1971: ISBN 0-297-00345-3

Further reading

  • Abramsky, Samuel; Gibson, Shimon (2007).

    "Bar Kokhba". In Berenbaum, Michael; Skolnik, Fred (eds.). Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 3 (2 ed.). Thomson Gale. pp. 156–162. ISBN .

External links